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Volume 12, Issue 9
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
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Arimasa Baba1956 Volume 12 Issue 9 Pages 611-614
Published: September 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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(X) A TRIAL PREPARATION OF A COMPRESSION-METER OF A BULK OF FIBRES FOR STUDYING THE FELTING PROCESSSaburo Okajima, Sakio Ikeda1956 Volume 12 Issue 9 Pages 615-620
Published: September 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen a bulk of the animal fibres such as wool is compressed repeatedly, its volume decreases gradually as the result of felting. A compression-meter was prepared in order to trace this process in the water and air.
The apparatus has the following features:
1) The compression can be made vartically, because the compression plate is kept always horizontal by means of a special automatic control.
2) The sensibility of the meter is 0.01g/cm2.
3) The thickness of the sample (the fibres) under no load can be measured exactly.
The good reproducibility was proved in the experiments.View full abstractDownload PDF (1352K) -
(XXI) ON THE INFLUENCE OF AFTER TREATMENT ON THE FIBER PROPERTIES (XXII) ON THE CRIMP OF P. A. N. FIBERSMasamichi Katayama, Zenichi Saito1956 Volume 12 Issue 9 Pages 621-631
Published: September 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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RELATION BETWEEN THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF HYDROTROPIC SALTS AND THEIR DELIGNIFICATION EFFECTSNobuhiko Migita, Junzo Nakano, Seiya Hirai, Chiyoko Takatsuka1956 Volume 12 Issue 9 Pages 632-638
Published: September 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor extraction of lignin from plant materials hydrotropic solutions were suggested by R. H. McKee (1946). In this paper pulping effects of nine kinds of hydrotropic salt were compared on beech and spruce wood. The salts employed in this study were as follows: sodium benzenesulfonate, sodium toluenesulfonate, sodium xylenesulfonate, sodium mesitylenesulfonate, sodium ethylbenzensulfonate, sodium butylbenzenesulfonate, sodium cymenesulfonate, sodium butylsulfonate and sodium octylsulfonate (Fig. 1). These were adopted from the consideration of their chemical structures. All the salts used were synthesized. The elemental analyses of the salts proved them to he very pure (Table 1).
Wood flour samples extracted with alcohol-benzene 1:2 were cooked with aqueous solutions of the hydrotropic salts of various concentrations (35, 25 and 15% in weight) at 160°C for 6 hours (Table 2, 3 and 4. Fig. 2 and 3).
Of the nine salts sodium cymenesulfonate, sodium butylbenzenesulfonate, sodium ethylbenzenesulfonate and sodium xylenesulfonate were more effective than the others. The order of delignification effect of the inferior salts were as follows: sodium toluenesulfonate, sodium octylsulfonate, sodium benzenesulfonate and sodium butylsulfonate. The effect of sodium mesitylenesulfonate seemed to be abnormal. Softwood lignin can not be removed with a hydrotropic solvent so easily as hardwood lignin. Sodium cymenesulfonate, however, showed a considerable hydrotropic effect even to spruce lignin.
From the results given above, the following conclusion may be drawn. Of the homologous series of seven derivatives of sodium benzenesulfonate, the hydrotropic effect to lignin increases with increasing in number and in size of alkyl groups attached to the benzene nucleus. The delignification effect of alkylarylsulfonate is larger than that of alkylsulfonate. No difference was recognized practically among the hydrotropic effects of eight salts to carbohydrates.
The authors reported that the dissolution of lignin with a hydrotropic solution may take place in two steps. In the first the lignin is changed by the action of hot water at cooking, and in the second the lignin so altered is dissolved in the hydrotropic solution (J. Japanese Forestry Soc., 36, 343, 1954). In order to confirm this conclusion, a series of cooking experiments was carried out. Namely wood flour samples were cooked by a 35% sodium xylenesulfonate solution from one to three times (at 100°C, 2 hours), with or without water pre-cookings (160°C, 1 hour). The result (Table 5) indicates that the water pre-cooking promotes considerably the effect of hydrotropic solution to lignin. This may offer an evidence to the conclusion in the preceding paper.View full abstractDownload PDF (469K) -
Kiyohisa Fujino, Hiromichi Kawai, Tsuneo Horino, Kihachiro Miyamoto1956 Volume 12 Issue 9 Pages 639-646
Published: September 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe viscoelastic behavior of regenerate cellulose filaments spun under various degree of stretching were measured under normal air condition and swelling condition by water by using several longitudinal vibration methods over a range of frequency from subsonic to supersonic.
The results were represented in terms of relaxation spectrum over a range of relaxation time from 1 ×10-6 to 1 sec.
Under normal air-condition, the relaxation spectrum is composed of wedge type portion in the range of relaxation time shorter than 1 × 10-5 sec and of box type portion in the range longer than 1 × 10-5 sec. In the range of wedge type the effect of stretching during spinning is hardly noticeable, while in the range of box type the higher the degree of stretching, the higher the intensity of spectrum is especially within the range of orientation factor of 20%.
Comparing the results under swelling condition with those under normal air, it is obvious that the real part of complex dynamic modulus is very much decreased in order with decreasing orientation factor of filaments while the imaginary part is not so much decreased as in the case of real part. The facts show that the relaxation spectrum in the time range longer than that covered here may be very much decreased with swelling in order with decreasing orientation factor, while the spectrum in the time range covered here is not so much affected. It may be considered that such a remarkable decrease of relaxation spectrum in the longer time range must be ascribed to destruction of hydrogen-bridge and to increase of chain mobility in the amorphous region due to swelling by water.View full abstractDownload PDF (1422K) -
(PART IV) THE RELATION BETWEEN EXTERNAL LOAD AND STATIONARY CREEP VELOCITY IN UNTWISTED SLIVERSShigetake Kinoshita, Genichi Horikoshi1956 Volume 12 Issue 9 Pages 647-651
Published: September 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe stationary creep phenomena of the untwisted sliver subjected to various constant loads has been observed by one of the authors, previously.
In this paper, the theoretical relationship between external load and stationary creep velocity is derived assuming that the slippage of individual fiber in assembly may occur when the fiber tension increases to reach the value larger than the static frictional force.
The increment of this tension is determined by the pulling rate of force.
The complete expression for the stationary creep velocity becomes where, W=external load, P=inter-fiber pressure per unit length, N=number of fibers in cross section, l=length of fiber, E=Young's modulus of fiber, A=area of cross-section of fiber, μ0=coefficient of static friction, μk=coefficient of kinetic friction, and α=constant determined by the nature of contacting fibers.
A comparison of this theoretical expression with experiment was satisfactory in the range in which fiber number N remains constant for various loads.View full abstractDownload PDF (350K) -
(1) THE KINETICS OF DYEING PROCESS (2) THE DYEING PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL DISPERSE DYESMinazo Yoshida, Minoru Nishio1956 Volume 12 Issue 9 Pages 652-661
Published: September 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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(I) THE METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF DYE DIFFUSION RATE WITHIN THE UNSTRETCHED NYLON GUTMinazo Yoshida, Hajime Hirota1956 Volume 12 Issue 9 Pages 662-664
Published: September 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe diffusion rates of several acid dyes were determined using the unstretched nylon gut.
The method consists of measuring the dye penetration from the observation of ring-dyed gut section by means of microscope.
The pentration distance is proportional to the square root of dyeing time, and in general increases as the dye concentration increases and the pH of dyebath decreases.
From the temperature dependence of diffusion rate the apparent activation energy of diffusion is calcurated.
The diffusion rate varies from dye to dye but its temperature dependence remains almost the same.View full abstractDownload PDF (192K) -
RELATION OF THE APARENT STIFFNESS OF SIZED WARP TO THE “CHIKA” IN ACETATE CONTINUOUS FILAMENT FABRICSMakoto Iino, Hirotoshi Torigata1956 Volume 12 Issue 9 Pages 665-670
Published: September 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRelation of the aparent stiffness of sized warp to the “Chika” defects in acetate filament fabrics were studied and the following results were obtained.
1. It is found that the “Chika” defects in acetate continuous filament fabrics are caused by the highly stiffened parts of the sized warp and that the “Chika” could be prevented by limiting stiffness of the sized warp.
2. Stiffness of the sized yarn depends on the magnitued of the size pick up and the concentration of the size solution.
Our “Chika” seems to be the same plenomenon as “Teary” described in “The Fabric Defects” McGraw Hill Co..View full abstractDownload PDF (1087K) -
Temperature Dependency of Mechanical PropertiesHeihachiro Ito1956 Volume 12 Issue 9 Pages 671-677
Published: September 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1099K)
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