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Volume 18, Issue 3
Displaying 1-24 of 24 articles from this issue
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Hiroshi Kawakami, Hideshi Sato1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 183-188
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSpinning of polyvinyl alcohol in concentrated caustic soda bath is investigated. Spinning can be carried out smoothly and filaments thus spun have very characteristic properties as follows.
(1) Disk coefficient of cross section of fibers is influenced by the concentration of caustic soda and it is more than 90% when the concentration is lower than 350g/l. The cross section is found to be uniform and all skin type.
(2) Heat drawn fibers or heat treated fibers under constant length have excellent resistance to boiling water.
(3) Effects of draw ratio on the strength of fibers spun in caustic soda bath are slightly different from ordinary fibers.View full abstractDownload PDF (1130K) -
Osamu Ishizuka1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 189-193
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has been considered that it is difficult to obtain a fine denier fibre from polypropylene by general method of melt spinning, used for nylon, because of its high viscosity in molten state.
However, polypropylene raise molecular degradation at 250°C or over, and then adequate melt viscosity for spinning can be obtained, so that after melting for suitable hours at 250°C or over, fine denier fibre may be spun by melt spinning machinary equiped with a gear type metering pump.
In spinning process, the properties of the drawn fibre is independent of the time for which the polymer is held molten in broad time range, therefore also with the molecular weight. The spun yarn possesses a high breaking elongation (several hundred percent at 20°C). The spinning draft is also independent of the properties of the drawn fibre.View full abstractDownload PDF (313K) -
Osamu Ishizuka1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 194-198
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe spun yarn may be drawn several times its original iength. This drawing is the strengthforming structural change which adapts polypropylene to a wide range of utility in the textile field.
The drawing ratio has a considerable influence on the mechanical properties of fibres, and the maximum ratio is desirable. The maximum drawing ratio decreases moderately with increasing spinning draft, however the maximum drawing breaks the influence of spinning draft to mechanical properties of fibre, and gets to high Young's modulus of 600kg/mm2.
The thermal treatment carried out in 120_??_140°C for few minutesimproves the thermal dimensional stability of fibres.View full abstractDownload PDF (375K) -
Osamu Ishizuka1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 198-206
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe behavior of polypropylene in the manufacturing processes for melt spinning was studied by means of X-ray diffractions.
The results thus obtained are as follow:
(1) The melted polymer may crystallize in a monoclinic unit cell by a slow cooling, while in a pseudo-hexagonal by a rapid cooling.
(2) The diffraction patterns of the fibres which are spun from molten polymer are influenced by melting period, that is, in case of melting period within a certain hour, monoclinic pattern is shown, but of melting period over it, pseudo-hexagonal is obtained. This is explained by the lower crystallization rate based on molecular degradation.
(3) Molecular orientation decreases by increasing the time for which the polymer is held molten, while the other conditions are fixed. This decrease is apparently caused by decreasing the molecular entanglement owing to thermaldegradation.
(4) After drawing of the quenched unoriented fibre, the oriented psiudo-hexagonal X-ray diagram is obtained, while in annealed oriented fibre, a diagram in which oriented pseudo-hexagonal pattern overlups on oriented monolinic is obtained.
(5) The molecular configuration of undrawn fibre consists of two forms. That is the one is the molecular configuration in which a molecular axis is parallel to the fibre axis, the other the folding molecular configuration in which a molecular axis is perpendicular to the fibre axis Then by drawing accompanied by necking the later breaks up and rearranges to the former, and X-ray diagram becomes pseudo-hexagonal.
(6) This pseudo-hexagonal packing of drawn fibre changes easily into monoclinic lattice by heating at 120°C or over.View full abstractDownload PDF (2464K) -
(VIII) MIXED ACETALIZATION OF POLYYINYL ALCOHOL FIBERS WITH BENZALDEHYDE AND FORMALDEHYDEHidenari Suyama, Hajime Haioka1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 207-213
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs described in our last report, polyvinyl alcohol fibers are treated with such aldehyde as benzaldehyde in order to improve the elastic properties. In the prior article the benzalization reaction has been carried out in the presence of expensive organic solvents.
A method of commercial advantage has been found wherein benzalization can be carried out in the presence of water. Since approximately 0.3% of benzaldehyde dissolves in water at 20°C., the fibers are treated in this saturated benzaldehyde solution in the presence of an acid catalyst. The addition of formaldehyde to the reaction bath yields fibers of further improved wet and dry heat resistance compared to those treated with benzaldehyde alone. Furthermore effects upon the dyeability and elastic properties of the fibers can be controlled by controlling the reaction temperature and the respective amounts of formadehyde and benzaldehyde that react with polyvinyl alcohol. Partially dimethylaminoacetalized polyvinyl alcohol was used as a basic raw material in this experiment. If the degree of benzalization is low, a high degree of formalization is obtained and vice versa. Dye absorptivity is good at low degrees of benzalization whereas at higher degrees of benzalization dye absorptivity becomes poor.View full abstractDownload PDF (487K) -
(IX) CRIMP OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL FIBERS BY TWISTING METHODHidenari Suyama, Hajime Haioka1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 213-216,207
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe conventional acetalized polyvinyl alcohol fibers have no heatplasticity because they consist of two parts; one is the crystalline region and the other the amorphous region which contains the acetalized groups. Consequently it is generally difficult to make any stable crimp in acetalized polyvinyl alcohol fibers by means of twisting them, carrying out heat set and then releasing their twist. So, starting with drawn or pre-heat-treated fibers instead of acetalized fibers, stable crimp durable to boiling water is obtainable by treating them with the above methods and finally benzalizing them.View full abstractDownload PDF (479K) -
(X) EFFECTS OF UNSAPONIFIED ACETYL GROUPS IN POLYVINYL ALCOHOL ON PROPERTIES OF THE FIBERSHidenari Suyama, Masao Ishii, Mitsutaka Uzumaki1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 217-221,208
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe polyvinyl alcohol made by convenional saponification method of polyvinyl acetate contains generally approximately 0.5mol. % of unsaponified acetyl groups. The properties of thh polyvinyl alcohol fibers depend on the amount of such unsaponified acetyl groups. In wet spinning process of the polyvinyl alcohol fibers, such unsaponified acetyl group can be removed by adding alkali to the spinning solution. The remaining alkali in spinning solution then is neutralized by controlling the pH of the coagulation bath in order to prevent discoloration of the fibers during the heattreatment process.
When polyvinyl alcohol is to be spun by a dry spinning process, the raw material must be highly purified to remove all traces of impurities such as alkali and sodium acetate, otherwise the fiber product will tend to discolor during the heat-treatment process. The content of unsaponified acetyl groups could be decreased from 0.6mol. % to 0.05mol. % by means of re-saponifying the polyvinyl alcohol powder (ordinary saponified and then heat-treated) with an aqueous alkaline solution in suspension state. After re-saponification, the sample was washed and then submitted to the dry spinning.
As the results, the fibers thus obtained have higher softening temperature and higher hot water resistance than the fibers made of the conventional polyvinyl alcohol. Furtheromore by increasing draw ratio and heat-treatment temperature of such re-saponified polyvinyl alcohol fibers, the fibers having boiling water resistance without acetalization could be obtained.View full abstractDownload PDF (424K) -
(I) THE EFFECT OF THE REACTION ON THE QUALITY OF THE TETRAHYDROFURFUROXYACETALIZED P. V. A. (II) THE PROPERTIES OF THE FIBRE DERIVED FROM TETRAHYDROFURFUROXYACETALIZED P. V. A.Masao Ishii1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 222-230
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (638K) -
Masao Ishii1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 231-235
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn spinning the saponifized substance of the copolymer of vinylacetate and allilidenediacetate, and in emulsion mixture spinning of the above copolymer choicely saponifized the acetic group of allilidenediacetate, the character of the solution for spinning, and the properties of the fibre were studied, respectively.
The results were following:
(1) The boiling-water resistance and properties of the fibre from the saponifized substance of the copolymer are generally inferior, and they are reduced in proportion to the quantity of the aldehyde group of the copolymer.
(2) The boiling-water resistance, stress-elongation relationships, and elastic recovery of the heat treated fibre by emulsion mixture spinning of the partially saponifized substance of the copolymer and P. V. A. are superior to those of the usual formalized fibre.View full abstractDownload PDF (353K) -
(IV) VISCOSITIES OE CELLULOSE TRIACETATE CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONSKazuo Uda1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 236-240
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSViscosities of cellulose triacetate solutions were determined and the relations between viscosity, concentration and d. p. were tested.
The samples were from purified cotton linters and wood pulps and their acetyl contents and d. p. were 60.0_??_60.8% and ca. 200_??_390, respectively.
The solvents used were the mixture of methylene chloride-methanol, 9:1 by weight and the concentration ranges were 13_??_18%.
In the ranges of concentration and d. p. tested the relations between viscosity (η), concentration (C) and d. p. (P) were as follows: log η=KC+A and log η=kP+a where K, k and A, a are constants.
It was also found that the viscosities of cellulose triacetate from purified wood pulps are higher than those of purified cotton linters.View full abstractDownload PDF (363K) -
(V) EFFECTS OF THE SOLVENTS AND THE DEGREE OF ACETYLATION ON THE VISOSITIES OF CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS OF CELLULOSE ACETATEHideo Saito, Kazuo Uda, Hiroshi Abe1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 240-242,236
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSViscosities of three cellulose acetate flakes (acetyl contents, 60. 6, 57. 3 and 51.1%) in the mixed solvents of methylene chloride-methanol at 18% concentration at 25°C were measured by falling ball method, and the effects of the methanol contents (1_??_50%) in the mixed solvents upon the viscosities of these concentrated solutions of cellulose acetate differing in the acetyl contents were investigated.
It was found that the methanol contents have the marked influences on the solution viscosities and there are the definite methanol contents for each sample that give the minimum viscosities values.
The higher the acetyl contents of cellulose acetate, the smaller the amounts of methanol corresponding to the minimum viscosities and also the less markedly the changes of viscosities near the minimum values.
These phenomena are briefly discussed with referrence to the behavior of the intrinsic viscosities of various kinds of cellulose acetate in these mixed solvents systems previously reported by one of the authors1).View full abstractDownload PDF (371K) -
(I) PREPARATION OF CELLULOSE PHENYL THIOURETHANEIwao Terasaki1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 243-247
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAfter the method reported by Allewelt and Watt, the formation reaction of cellulose phenyl thiourethane from viscose and zinc cellulose xanthate was investigated.
The results obtained are as follows: (1) Provided porous zinc cellulose xanthate is prepared homogeneously throughout the gel structure, cellulose phenyl thiourethane (CPTU) can be prepared even when excess free zinc ion is present.
(2) The reaction of zine cellulose xanthate with aniline accompanies side reactions which proceed simultaneously.
In order to accelerate the main reaction, it is appropriate to prepare the thiourethane at low temperature using low substituted xanthate.View full abstractDownload PDF (363K) -
(II) PROPERTIES OF BLENDED VISCOSE AND SPINNABILITYIwao Terasaki, Hiroshi Yokoyama1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 247-250,243
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to prepare cellulose (cell.) - cellulose phenyl thiourethane (CPTU) mixed fiber, the viscosity of CPTU solution in alkali, properties of blended viscose and its spinnability were studied.
The results obtained are as follows:
(1) From the viscometric investigation of dilute and concentrated CPTU solutions, it is estimated that CPTU (0.225mol substituted/glucose unit) in 6-9% NaOH aqueous solution homogeneuosly dissolved is the most suitable state and thixotropic behavior appears at high degree of concentration.
(2) The viscosity fo blended viscose decreases by increasing the degree of CPTU content and it is found that blended viscose could be homogeneous for a period of time sufficient to filter and deaerate, and good compatibility between cellulose sodium xanthate and CPTU may be expected.
Velocity of decomposition of xanthate groups in blended viscose is faster than viscose.
(3) In the spinning by Müller bath, maximum stretching of spinning increases by increasing the degree of CPTU content, and maximum speed of spinning gives a maximum point at nearly 30% content of CPTU.View full abstractDownload PDF (399K) -
(III) PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSE-CELLULOSE PHENYL THIOURETHANE MIXED FIBERSIwao Terasaki, Hiroshi Yokoyama1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 250-254,244
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMechanical properties, sorptive capacity, and alkali-solubility of the mixed fiber of cellulose (cell.) - cellulose phenyl thiourethane (CPTU) made by spinning in the Müller bath, were investigated.
The results of obtained are as follows:
(1) In the fibers of 15_??_20% content of CPTU. breaking strength decreases slightly, but breaking elongation and initial Young's modulus show maximum values. These phenomena may be explained by the formation of hydrogen bond between OH bud NH2-_??_ in the primary network structure and by the relaxation of the secondary network structure.
(2) Absorpability under high humidity and degree of swelling decreases with increasing CPTU content. This may be due to decrease of accessible OH and may be expressed quantitatively by polymer-solvent interaction coefficient μ.
(3) CPTU in mixed fibers has relatively high resistance to alkali and this resistance may be increased by heat treatments.View full abstractDownload PDF (446K) -
Yasuo Tomari, Taketoshi Koshiro, Yoshiaki Sakata1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 255-258
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCross-linking of a regenerated cellulose fiber is useful for increasing properties especially under wet or alkaline conditions, but it brings such defects as poor dyability, knot strength, toughness.
For prevention against these defects, the super rayon which has a high knot strength and toughness was cross-linked by the dialdehyde.
Obtained fiber has a large resistance to water- and alkali-swelling comparable to cotton and a good mechanical properties. The poor dyability is improved by alkaline treatment without spoiling other properties as the cross-linked fiber.
Thus the cross-linked super rayon is to be durable to the mercerization at the 100% rayon or cotton-blended fabrics and exhibits a suitable draping property.View full abstractDownload PDF (281K) -
(IV) THE EFFECTS OF DEGRADATION OF PULP ON THE EMULSION XANTHATION SOLUBILITY CURVEOsakazu Nakao, Makoto Usuda, Nobuhiko Migita1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 259-265
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous paper, the relation between sulfidation and dissolution in emulsion xanthation of cellulose with varying amounts of carbon disulfide added at the constant alkali concentration (S-W curve) was examined, and it was found that S-W curve may be characterized by A3 and (A2/A3-1) as a measure of reactivity of dissolving pulp, and (%-3) may be calculated from S-W curve as a measure of filterbility of viscose prepared by the conventional process. A3 shows the average amount of dissolved per unit amount of carbon disulfide during the reaction, and (A2/A3-1) shows the non-uniformity of the S-W curve, and (%-3) is the amount of the dissolved during the last stage of reaction of emulsion xanthation (see Fig. 1).
In this paper, the effects of the degradation of pulp on the S-W curve were studied to make clear the relations between the S-W curve and the properties of pulp.
The results are as follows:
1) The shape of S-W curve is not effected by the lateral order or average degree of polymerization of cellulose alone.
2) When the pulp is degradated, the values of A3 and (A2/A3-1) are varied in different ways according to the kind of pulp and methods of degradation. These values are influenced principally by the properties of the fraction which is dissolved in the last stage of reaction during emulsion xanthation (“hard soluble fraction”).
3) The “hard soluble fraction” of dissulving sulfite pulp is less effected by the acid hydrolysis in comparison with the fraction of dissolving sulfate pulp. Degradation with the irradiation to ultra violet ray as well as degradation with air aging of alkali cellulose scarecely effects on “hard soluble fraction”.
4) The fact that acid treatment increases the reactivity of pulp, found by T. Kleinert and others, may be explained by the increase of solubility of “hard soluble fraction” winh the acid hydrolysis.
5) The “hard soluble fraction” does not seem a particular, inherent part of pulp, but related to the morphological structure of fiber which is attacked by cooking and bleaching.
6) From the above, the follwing conclusion may be drawn, that is these characteristics of S-W curve, A3and (A2/A3-l) are appropriate for measuring the reactivity of dissolving pulp.View full abstractDownload PDF (483K) -
(III) DERESINATION OF HARDWOOD SULFITE PULP WITH SURFACTANT MIXTURESHiroshi Yamada, Wasaburo Kimura1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 266-270
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDeresination effect of mixtures of anionic with nonionic surfactant was evaluated during the hot alkali refining in a conventional five-stage refining process of sulfite pulp obtained from mixed hardwood species.
Binary surfactant mixtures, such as a mixture of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (I) with polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether (n=9 or 11) in the ratio of 1:1, or mixtures of sodium secondary alkyl sulfate with polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether (n=9) (II) in the ratio ranging from 4:1 to 1:4, have greater deresination effect than either component taken separately, showing synergistic effect for resin removal. The deresination effect of mixtures of other anionic surfactant with polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether (n=11) is found to be poorer as compared to nonionic surfactant alone.
Surfactant mixtures described above are slightly inferior for resin removal to (II) under the addition in amounts of below 0.1%, based on pulp, but above 0.1%, they show excellent effectiveness. It may be concluded that these mixtures are the most suitable agents for deresination of hardwood pulp, when high amounts of nonionics are added in the refining of hardwood sulfite pulp.View full abstractDownload PDF (320K) -
(IV) EFFECTS OF BUILDERS ON THE DERESINATION OF HARDWOOD SULFITE PULP WITH SURFACTANT MIXTURESHiroshi Yamada, Wasaburo Kimura1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 270-274,266
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBuilders were mixed with binary surfactant mixtures comprising anionic and nonionic surfactant to find the best mixing ratio for the deresination of hardwood sulfite pulp, and the deresination effect of built agents prepared on the basis of those results was evaluated. The effect of small amounts of solvents mixed with surfactant mixture was also studied.
The best mixing ratio for a mixture of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (I) with polyoxyethylene nonyiphenyl ether (n=9) (II) in the mixing ratio of 1:1 is sodium tripolyphosphate (III) 25% sodium sulfate (IV) 50% or carboxymethyl cellulose (V) 10% based on the amount of surfactant mixture, respectively. In the case of a mixture of secondary alkyl sulfate (VI) with (II), the mixed effect of builders is less as compared to that for a mixture of (I) with (II).
Best deresination effect is obtained with the built agents comprising (I) 1 part, (II) 1 part, (III) 0.5% part and (V) 0.2 part, or (I) 1 part, (II) 1 part, (III) 0.5 part and (IV) 0.5 part. These built agents show excellent effectiveness under the addition in amounts of above 0.1% (dry pulp basis), although they are inferior to (II) below 0.1%.
Improved deresination effect is also observed, when xylene or tetralin is incorporated to a mixture of (VI) with (II) in an amount of 20%, based on surfactant mixture.View full abstractDownload PDF (486K) -
(V) DERESINATION OF SULFITE PULP WITH CATIONICSHiroshi Yamada, Hirokazu Matsueda, Wasaburo Kimura1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 274-276,267
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDeresination effect of cationics was evaluated in a conventional multistage refining process of sulfite pulp. The best result is obtained by the addition of lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride (I) during the hot alkali refining of the pulp obtained from freshly-cut softwood; the resin content of refined pulp and resin removal in percentage when added in an amount of 0.1% (dry pulp basis) are 0.19 and 91.4%, respectively, and the deresination effect further increases with increased amount of (I). With other cationics, the effect is poorer than with (I), and in some cases the resin content of refined pulp is higher as compared to that from a blank run. The deresination effect is also observed by stirring softwood pulp with (I) in neutral medium at high temperature after the alkali extraction stage.
When (I) is added during the hot alkali refining of hardwood pulp, the effect is inferior to that for softwood pulp.View full abstractDownload PDF (298K) -
(PART XII) ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ANIONIC DYES AND BASIC VINYL COMPOUNDSYoshimi Takase, Toshihiko Ogawa1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 277-283
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo study the mechanism of the interaction between anionic dyes and basic vinyl compounds, the adsorption isotherm of the dye on the film of poly-2-vinyl pyridine and the changes of the absorption spectra of dyes by the addition of poly-2-vinyl pyridine or 2-vinyl pyridine were pursued. The results are as follows:
1. Anionic dye solutions are dissociated to monomer ion and polymer ion. The association equilibrium changes toward the increase of polymer ion by the addition of poly-2-vinyl pyridine or 2-vinyl pyridine. And this change is further promoted with poly-2-vinyl pyridine than with 2-vinyl pyridine.
2. Monomer ion and polymer ion formed in this result are adsorbed respectively on poly-2-vinyl pyridine and 2-vinyl pyridine by the salt forming reaction.
3. When C. I. Acid Red 88 is used as anionic dye, it is dissociated to monomer ion and dimer ion, and monomer ion produces a new metachromacy by adsorbing poly-2-vinyl pyridine.View full abstractDownload PDF (481K) -
(PART XIII) THE EFFECTS OF ALIPHATIC PRIMARY AMINE ON THE DYEING WITH CATIONIC DYESYoshimi Takase, Chizuko Yatome1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 283-287,277
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAcrylonitrile fibre can be dyed with cationic dyes.
In this paper the application of Sevron dyes by using aliphatic primary amines as the surface active agent having affinity for the fibre Kanekalon K (acrylonitrile-vinyl chloride co-polymer) was examined in regard to the rate of dyeing and absorbing of the agent. Though the agent has retarding effect during the early stages of dyeing, the initial exhaustion of dyes can be controlled by using a small amount of it. Aliphatic primary amine acts so as to retard the dyeing of fibre by Sevron dyes in inverse proportion to the molecular weight. In order to determine the absorption of the agent on the fibre, the amine estimation method was applied. It was found that both dodecyl amine acetate and octadecyl amine acetate are absorbed the same amount by the fibre.
From the results above mentioned, it seems quite evident that the retarding effect of primary amines is due to the fact that the long-chain portion of the molecule and Sevron dyes compete against each other to the occupation of acid sites in the fibre molecular. Therefore, it may be concluded that this cationic auxiliary is particularly effective for controlling dyeing rate so as to obtain the level dyeing.View full abstractDownload PDF (514K) -
(A) ON THE SOLUBILITIES, ACTIVITY FACTORS AND ADSORPTION OF SOME OF DIRECT DYES (B) ON THE SOLUBILITIES, ACTIVITY FACTORS AND ADSORPTION OF SOME OF ACID DYESMasaru Mitsuishi, Gensaku Aida1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 288-293
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (350K) -
Tsutomu Nakamura, Toshiji Takemura1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 294-297
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFrom the spectral reflectance curves for refined silks exposed to the arc-light emitted by a weather meter for various time intervals within the range of 0_??_200hrs., the authors determined the luminosity and the chromaticity coordinates x, y, z of each samples and then estimated the degree of their yellowing and browning.
As to the relation between the luminosity, Y (%), and the time of exposure, t(hr.), the following empirical formula was obtained with satisfactory accuracy. Y=100.9 (t+18)-0.047.
On the other hand, the chromaticity varied within the domain of “very pale orange” and increased the excitation purity as the time of exposure increased, always indicating the same dominant wavelength, 577mμ.
The authors moreover obtained the following formula as to the function existing between the percent reflectance R(%), at the wavelength 480 mμ, with the reflectance curves showing a remarkable absorption, and the time of exposure, t(hr.). R=108.5 (t+18)-0.077.View full abstractDownload PDF (294K) -
[in Japanese]1962 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages 298-304
Published: March 10, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (608K)
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