The Relation between three principal refractive indices (orthogonal refractive indices n_x, n_y and n_z, where n_z is the refractive index perpendicular to the film plane) and birefringences of inclined polymer film was studied basing on the idea of index-ellipsoid. Experiments were carried out by using a new apparatus together with the polarizing microscope, and the birefringences of polypropylene films were measured. Following results were obtained; (1) A cubic equation was derived from the three birefringences which were measured at angels 0°, 30° and 45° from the horizontal plane respectively. In principle, by solving the equation, the three principal refractive indices were to be obtained, but acutuary it can be carried out only when the birefringences are large enough to be measured accurately. (2) The sequence of the order of magnitudes of the three principal refractive indices could be obtained by plotting a few values of birefringences and angles of inclination only, (3) By the alternative method to Stein's one, the three main birefringences were approximately calculated by using two values of the birefringence that were measured at horizontal position and at inclined position of the film. This method is more or less complicated as compared with Stein's method, but were obtainable. (4) When polypropylene films were stretched uniaxially and biaxially by using the new extentional and inclinational apparatus, the relation between the birefringence and the uniaxial draw ratio at 90°C was similar to that reported in Okazima and Kurihara's study. However, in the case of biaxial drawing at 90°C, it was found that the birefringence of the drawing film is influenced by the initial orientation of the film.

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The multi-phases parallel model for blend polymer solids was applied to express the mechanical properties of polymer film in the course of sorption of small molecules; the following relations were obtained.
1) The following fundamental equations developed. With X: film thickness, x: distance from the film surface in the direction of the thickness, a: distance where the small molecules are diffused, C(x, t): concentration distribution at time t (mass/volume), q (t ): amount of absorbed small molecules at t (mass/volume), E: elastic modulus of polymer during the sorption process, E_A(x, t): elastic modulus distribution, E_p: elastic modulus of pure polymer, F: function between E_A and C at time t.
2) When the relation between E_A and C is linear, equation (9) is obtained by using the equations (3), (4) and (5).
3) Assuming the three typical distributions of concentration and elastic modulus, the relations between E and q(t)/q(∞) were calculated for various relations between E_A and C (see fig. 3 and fig. 4).
4) The elastic modulus on the surface of film, E_A(O, t) is given by following euqation. With k_a: reaction velocity constant.
5) Characteristic temperature dispersions of complex elastic modulus for polymer film during the sorption process were obtained by using the blend polymer theory (see fig. 6)

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The treatments of acrylic acid grafted polypropylene fabrics with metallic salts were examined in relation to the textile properties such as hygroscopic property and thermooxidative stability.
Carboxylic groups of the acrylic acid grafted polypropylene fabrics were converted to sodium salts with sodium carbonate or sodium acetate. Then, a portion of each treated fabrics was further treated with calcium acetate so that sodium carboxylates in the fabrics were altered to calcium salts.
It was found from the infrared absorption spectra and moisture regain of these four kinds of fabrics that the degree of conversion to the corresponding salt-forms and moisture regain are more increased by using sodium carbonate in the first step of the treatment than by using sodium acetate.
The thermooxidative stability of calcium and zinc salts of acrylic acid grafted polypropylene fabrics, which have already been reported to have better stability than the grafted fabrics untreated or treated with other inorganic metals, is also improved when sodium carbonate was used in the first step compared to the use of sodium acetate. These results are explained if the conversion of the carboxyl group in the fabrics to other salt-forms is considered.
When sodium carbonate was used in the first step, further attempts were made to increase the conversion with increasing concentration of the metallic salt in the treating solutions as well as longer period of reaction time. As the result, it is suggested that the thermooxidative stabilities of the grafted fabrics in the forms of calcium or zinc salts are very sensitive to small changes of conversion even in a high degree of conversion, but the moisture regains of those, including sodium salt-form, are rather insensitive to them at a higher level.
It may be concluded from this study that in the chemical modification of fibers by the graft copolymerization with acid group containing monomers such as acrylic acid and aftertreatment with metallic salts, the degree of conversion of carboxylic groups in the grafted fibers to suitable metallic salt-forms are very important.

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The effects of various treatments, such as drawing, dry-heating and steam-heating, on the diffusion of a disperse dye (C. I. Disperse Red 7) in nylon 6 have been studied by means of microspectro-photometric (MSP) method. The diffusion coefficient D was calculated from the diffusion profiles by applying the method of Sekido and Matsui.¹⁰⁾
As expected, the D does not depend on the concentration of the adsorbed dye.
With increasing draw ratio, the D shows a maximum at the draw ratio of 2, and then decreases.
While the D exhibits a minimum at 160°C in dry-heating, it increases with rising temperature in steam-heating.
These behaviours are similar to those of the diffusion coefficient at zero concentration of an acid dye, Naphthalene Fast Orange 2GS.
The partition coefficient changes by these treatment as the similar manner as the D does.
These results are explained by changes of the fine structure of nylon 6 and support Kanetsuna's paper³⁾ which concerns with the concept of qmal.

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The surface color of paper changes depending on observed angle. Such variations in surface color and their relationship to gloss are examined with the aid of a goniophotometer equipped with an interference filter. The results obtained are as follows:
1) The smoother the surface and the more uniform the orientation of the constituent fibers of the sample, the closer the chromaticity coordinates get to the light-source color on the chromaticity diagram, when the sample is measured in a specular reflection direction.
In other words, the larger the amount of specular reflection light in the goniophotometric reflection curve, the closer the chromaticity coordinates get to the light-source color on the chromaticity diagram.
2) The larger the incidence-receiving angle, the larger the tristimulus values is, when the sample is measured in the direction of specular reflection. When the sample has a rugged surface, the angle which shows the maximum quantity of reflection light may deviate toward the direction larger in angle than the direction of the specular light. In this case, when the sample is measured by a goniophotometer at an angle showing the maximum quantity of reflection light, it shows the maximum tristimulus values.
3) The goniophotometric color measured is shown by color mixture between the lightsource color and the object color on the chromaticity diagram.
4) When the incidence-receiving angle of a paper is changed, its tristimulus values vary, resulting in color differences.
5) When gloss is measured in the direction of specular relation, the angle showing the maximum quantity of reflected light may deviate toward a direction larger in angle than the direction of specular light. It is, therefore, recommended that the gonio-photometric reflection curve of the sample is measured before gloss is examined.

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Triaxial fabrics are constructed by threads which run to three directions on a plane and interlace each other.
This work concerns with the kinds of the fundamental designs (weaves) and its derivatives. Thus obtained designs are compared with the these of triaxial fabrics such as woven fabrics and braids.
The method of the representation of triaxial fabric designs is proposed.

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Molecular weight (degree of polymerization) of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in the PMMA-grafted cotton was investigated. PMMA-grafted cotton was obtained by graft polymerization without initiator in emulsion. The PMMA was isolated from backbone polymer by acid hydrolysis, and the intrinsic viscosity was measured in acetone solution. The effect of polymerization conditions (time, type and concentration of emulsifier) on the degree of polymerization and number of PMMA branches per cellulose chain was investigated. The degree of polymerization of PMMA isolated was in the order of 10⁴. With increasing time of polymerization, degree of polymerization increased until a maximum is attained and then decreased. The degree of polymerization and number of PMMA branches per cellulose chain were affected by the type and concentration of emulsifier.

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DEAA-cellulose was found to have ability to exchange an anion. The anion-exchange capacity of DEAA-cellulose was weaker than that of diethylaminoethyl cellulose. DEAA-cellulose must be activated by aqueous ammonia due to the unstable diethylaminoacetyl group. The intermediate chloroacetyl cellulose was prepared in vapor phase. In this case, the addition of a catcher for hydrochloric acid, such as sodium bicarbonate, was necessary to prevent dehydration and carbonization of cellulose. Similarly, DEAA-cellulose was prepared from chloroacetyl cellulose in vapor phase.

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