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Volume 44, Issue 5
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Haruki Imaoka, Hidehiko Okabe, Hitoshi Akami, Atuo Shibuya, Noboru Ais ...1988 Volume 44 Issue 5 Pages 217-228
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSApparel CAD systems used now in many apparel makers consist of grading, marking and plane pattern making. These systems are limited in two-dimensional data-processing. We call the apparel CAD systems which can directly treat three-dimensional information as the second generation. For example, draping and sample making processes are the targets of it.
We developed a CAD system which can simulate the sample making process. Using this system, we can estimate the shape of garment without making and dressing it actually. The basic idea for the system is that the natural shape of garment is determined by four main factors, namely, mechanical properties of material fabrics, geometrical and topological shape of paper pattern, shape of the human body and the way of dressing.
In this paper, we focus the mechanical model of the fabrics and describe the formulation of it. It is based on the large deformation theory of continuous plates, while some assumptions and modifications added there are adopted from the theory of textile fabrics.
Next, we describe a method of numerical analysis to treat the actual problem. The method proposed here is a modified finite element method which is practicable to deal with the textile fabrics.
The following points are remarkable features of the problem.
1) Textile fabrics show anisotropic mechanical properties.
2) This is a large deformation and nonlinear problem.
3) Initial three-dimensional shape, in the state of unloaded and nonstrained, is not given. We can only know the shape of patterns on the plane.
4) The existence of the human body as a constraint condition is essential.
5) The requirement of accuracy in solution is not so intense.
Considering these features, we developed an iterating algorithm which has a global convergency.
Finally, we compare the solutions from the approximate and the strict methods in the cases of heart loop and pear loop.View full abstractDownload PDF (921K) -
Haruki Imaoka, Hidehiko Okabe, Hitoshi Akami, Atuo Shibuya, Noboru Ais ...1988 Volume 44 Issue 5 Pages 229-237
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs we have explained in the previous paper, we have already proposed a theory and a method to solve the mechanical behaviour of the textile fabrics. The aim of this study is to compare the results from the method above with experimental ones.
Before this, it is necessary to clarify the measurement method of the mechanical properties of material fabrics. We first describe the relation between the theoretical elastic modulus and the experimental ones.
In the theory, we assume that the elastic modulus of fabric is an unigue constant, but the results of the measurements are histerisis curves in general. Which part of the curve is proper to use to obtain the elastic modulus, especially in the bending case? Two values are nominated and examined through the simulations.
Next, we introduce the formulation of the wall as the constraint condition. Evidently when a wall contacts to the cloth such as the heart loop, the shape of the loop changes. For this is analogous to the garment on the human body, the formulation of the wall is essential to the estimating problem.
To test the applicability of the estimating method, we selected three kinds of fabric samples and prepare two kinds of walls, horizontal and sloped ones, and recorded the actual shapes of the loops in contact with the walls.
We also assume that there is no friction between the fabric and the wall. The difference between the results of the simulation and the experiment occurs in the case of the sloped wall.View full abstractDownload PDF (1129K) -
Kazuhiko Fukatsu1988 Volume 44 Issue 5 Pages 238-242
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe equilibrium metal cation uptake and the rate of metal cation uptake by wool fiber were examined for Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) ions, and the results were discussed in terms of the adsorption rate and the diffusion of metal cations into the fiber.
It has been found that the metal cation uptake increases with an increase of temperature and the order of the initial adsorption rate is Cu(II)>Ni(II)≥Zn(II). This adsorption behavior seems due to the coordination to metal cation of the carboxyl residues in wool keratin.
The apparent activation energies of the initial adsorption were obtained as 5 kcal/mol for all the metal cations examined, regardless of their initial adsorption rates. The apparent diffusion coefficients of Zn(II) and Ni(II) ions which calculated by applying Hill's equation of diffusion increased with increasing the metal cation concentration in solutions. The effect of the concentration in the solutions on the apparent diffusion coefficient was smaller for Cu(II) ion than for Zn(II) and Ni(II) ions.View full abstractDownload PDF (353K) -
Hiroshi Urakawa, Kiyohito Hiromitsu, Jiro Seta, Taisuke Ito1988 Volume 44 Issue 5 Pages 243-249
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA method to obtain the diffusion coefficient D of a diffusant in a polymer substrate is described. It basically applies the multiple-sheets, in which an amount α of the diffusant was initially distributed within the central sheet, giving a concentration distribution of a step function. After a diffusion interval t, the broadened concentration distribution across the stacked sheets, C(x, t), was determined spectroscopically and analysed by the following equation. D was calculated from the slope of ln C vs. x2/4t plots. The applicability of this method was demonstrated for the diffusion of p-aminoazobenzene into a nylon 6 sheet at 90°C where the diffusion interval, the thickness of the polymer sheet and the initial concentration of the diffusant in the central sheet were varied. In contrast to experimental setups where diffusion of a dye into a polymer is measured in the presence of solution of the dye, the described method yields diffusion coefficients of dyes in polymers which are not influenced by the simultaneous diffusion of the solvent.View full abstractDownload PDF (530K) -
Toshiro Suzawa, Masahiko Sasaki1988 Volume 44 Issue 5 Pages 250-255
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCationic polystyrene latex was prepared from the comonomer N, N′-dimethylaminoethylmeth-acrylate without an emulsifier using 2, 2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride as initiator. Subsequently, the ζ potential of that latex in various acid dye solutions of pH 3 was measured at different temperatures as a function of dye concentration Cd. The ζ potential of the latex turned from positive to negative values with increasing dye concentration. Plotting ζ versus ln Cd at different temperatures resulted in straight lines with a constant, temperature independent slope. The surface adsorption of various acid dyes on latex calculated from ζ potential increased with increasing dye concentration.
The order of magnitude of the free energy of dyeing Δ_??_, obtained from the slopes of the ζ-ln Cd lines decreased in the following order: Roccelline > Orange IV>Orange I>Orange II. In addition, heats Δ_??_ and entropy Δ_??_ of dyeing were found to be negative and positive respectively.
The values obtained for Δ_??_, Δ_??_ and Δ_??_ suggest that in addition to electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bond, van der Waals force and hydrophobic interactions govern the adsorption of acid dyes by cationic polystyrene latex.View full abstractDownload PDF (944K) -
Yoshio Iwadare, Noriko Ueda, Mizuho Okabe1988 Volume 44 Issue 5 Pages 256-262
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to get some fundamental information on solvent dyeing, the kinetics and equilibria of dyeing were investigated using polyester fiber and monoazo dyes (p-aminoazobenzene: dye I, pdimethylaminoazobenzene: dye II, p-diethylaminoazobenzene: dye III) dissolved in normal alcohols (ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, and 1-pentanol). The dyeing was always performed in an infinite dyebath (liquor ratio 1:400). The apparent diffusion coefficients D of the dyes and the rate constants of dyeing K increased with decreasing number of C-atoms of the alcohol and with the molecular weight of the dye. That the partition coefficients of the dyes were constant in the concentration range studied means that the sorption isotherms of polyester fiber for the dyes used follow Henry's law. The equilibrium amount of sorbed dye C∞ for dyes II and III increased with increasing the value of inorganic/organic of the solvents, whereas C∞ for dye I decreased with increasing the value.
The temperature dependence of the partition coefficients P of the dyes yielded negative standard heats of dyeing ΔH° and negative standard entropy difference ΔS° for dyes I and II, whereas positive values of these thermodynamic functions were obtained for dye III. It suggests that the sorption of dyes I and II by the fiber is exothermic whereas that of dye III is endothermic.View full abstractDownload PDF (514K) -
TERUHIKO BEPPU1988 Volume 44 Issue 5 Pages P151-P155
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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AYAKO FUTAMI-MATSUSHIMA, YUJI INADA1988 Volume 44 Issue 5 Pages P156-P162
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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ISAO KARUBE1988 Volume 44 Issue 5 Pages P163-P167
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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KAZUTADA WATANABE1988 Volume 44 Issue 5 Pages P168-P173
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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TSUNEO OKUYAMA1988 Volume 44 Issue 5 Pages P174-P179
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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KATSUHISA NAKAJIMA1988 Volume 44 Issue 5 Pages P180-P185
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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