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Volume 27, Issue 12
Displaying 1-7 of 7 articles from this issue
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Kazuo Kitamura, Shigenobu Kobayashi, Zen-ichi Yoshida1971 Volume 27 Issue 12 Pages 501-509
Published: December 10, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. The mechanism of absorption
The absorption isotherms of phenol and the resulting contraction of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibres were investigated in relation to their thermal history.
The phenol absorption in the drawn yarn heat-treated at 220°C without tension is of the Langmiur type. In the case of as-drawn or low temperature treated samples, the isotherms are not of the Langmiur type and is accompanied by the contractions of samples on absorption. In the IR spectra of absorbed phenol v OH of phenol appears at 3, 468 cm-1, indicating that phenol is absorbed in PET through hydrogen bonding. The results make us to conclude that the true isotherm of phenol on PET fibre should be of Langmiure type. Thus is due to the change of the fine structure with absorption of phenol, that isotherms other than the Langmiur type are observed for samples with certain thermal history. The structural properties of the absorption region are also discussed in relation to i) the total sites available for the absorption, ii) the fraction of gauche form of ethylenedioxy linkage and iii) the peak intensity of X-ray small angle scattering.
2. The estimation of the lateral order distribution
The weight fraction of the amorphous region, _??_, which is available for the absorption of phenol from the aqueous solution of a certain concentration x is determined by the equation (2), assuming that the carbonyl groups in the amorphous region are only available for the absorption site and the Langmiur relation between the amount of phenol absorbed in the sample and the concentration in the solution is held at absorption equiribrium. Where M is the number of total site in the unit weight of sample [in equation (2), mg phenol/g sample was used as the unit of M.], m the number of site occupied in the unit weight of sample and K the equiribrium constant of the absorption-which was determined from a Langmiur isotherm of the sample heat-treated at 220°C without tension.
In the case of drawn or low temperature treated samples, _??_ has been observed to increase with increasing x due to the fusion of low order region in the samples. The summative mass order curves can be drawn by plotting _??_ against x, if x is assumed to be a measure of order. The lateral order distribution curves are obtained by plotting the slope of the summative curves against the order function x.View full abstractDownload PDF (612K) -
Kazuo Kitamura, Taheshi Matsui, Zen-ichi Yoshida1971 Volume 27 Issue 12 Pages 510-515
Published: December 10, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe weight fraction of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibres available for the absorption of disperse dyes was estimated. The fibres used were a commercial brand of staple fibre of PET (regular Tetoron), and a more dyeable one (Tetron T-89, Teijin Ltd.). The apparent solubilities (mg dye/g fibre) of the three azo dyes and the contractions in the dyeing process were determined at 100°C, 110°C, 120°C and 130°C, on the fibres. The absorption isotherms of phenol and the contractions accompanying the absorption were also determined at 70°C. The contractions in the dyeing process depended only on the dyeing temperature for both fibres. The contractions and the apparent solubilities at each dyeing temperature and the contractions and phenol absorbed at the same phenol concentration were much higher for T-89 than for the regular Tetoron.
The weight fraction of polymer available for the absorption of phenol was estimated from the concentrations, at which the same contraction was observed for the dyeing at each temperature, using the method descrived in the previous paper. It is reasonably assumed that this value is equal to the weight fraction of the polymer available for the absorption of dyes. The true solubilities were calculated by dividing the apparent solbilities by the coresponding weight fraction. For the three dyes, the same values were obtained for the true solubilities of these fibres. This indicates the validity of the estimation of dye absorption region.
In the estimation of dye absorption region mentioned above, it is assumed that the contraction in the dyeing process is caused by the same mechanism as for the absorption of phenol. The mechanism of the contraction, in relation to the fine structure, is also discussed in detail.View full abstractDownload PDF (379K) -
Kiyoichi Matsumoto, Hiroshi Ieki, Rikizo Imamura1971 Volume 27 Issue 12 Pages 516-524
Published: December 10, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this report, the orientation mode in the film plane and the relationship between the molecular structure and the surface state are discussed for the uniaxially stretched and simultaneously biaxially stretched poly (ethylene terephthalate) films prepared by wet-process.
Sample films used in this study were the T-die extruded film with 140μ thickness. The uniaxial and the biaxial stretching of the films were done using a film-stretcher in a recirculating hot glycerin bath.
The following results were obtained:
(1) The crystalline orientation of simultaneously biaxially stretched films was random in the plane, however, that of two-way successively biaxially stretched films was selective to some extent.
(2) The selective planar orientation parameter of the simultaneously biaxally stretched films was larger as compared with that of the uniaxially under constant width stretched films, in the machine direction and same stretch ratio.
(3) The tautness-parameter of molecular chain in the simultaneously biaxially stretched films was smaller than in the two-way successively biaxially stretched films, but this tendency was reversed by the heat treatment under the fixed length.
(4) The size of crystallite in the simultaneously biaxially stretched films was nearly equal in both the machine and the transverse directions.
(5) On the electromicroscopic observation, the simultaneously biaxially stretched films with lower stretch ratio showed no charactristic surface structure, however, these films with higher stretch ratio represented the fibril-like structure.
The molecular chain is locally uniaxially oriented in various directions in the plane, but the orientation is totally cancelled by averaging in the thickness direction which is due to the multilayer structure. That is, the simultaneously biaxially stretched films shows the uniplanar orientation.View full abstractDownload PDF (2138K) -
Chizuko Yatome, Toshihiko Ogawa, Yoshimi Takase1971 Volume 27 Issue 12 Pages 525-532
Published: December 10, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is known that in addition to the van der Waals force the hydrophobic bond plays an important role in the aggregation of basic dye.
In this paper the effect of electrolytes on the dye aggregation is treated spectrophotometrically to investigate in more detail the role of hydrophobic bond in the aggregation of C. I. Basic Blue 9 and C. I. Basic Violet 10. Thermodynamic consideration indicated that the aggregation is mainly enthalpic for the former dye and is mainly entropic for the latter. Thus it is assumed that the hydrophobic bond is more responsible for the aggregation of C. I. Basic Violet 10. Following results were obtained on the aggregation of these dyes in presence of electrolytes.
These dyes in presence of electrolytes.
1) The effect of electrolytes on the aggregation of C. I. Basic Violet 10 increases in the order: The effect of these anions is greater than that of the cations.
2) The aggregation of C. I. Basic Violet 10 in presence of the electrolyte decreases with rise in temperature.
3) The amount of the dimer of C. I. Basic Violet 10, assumed to aggregate mainly by the hydrophobic bond, increases in presence of the electrolyte.
The aggregation is explained by two factors; one is the electrostatic neutralization of the charge of the dye cation by the ionic atmosphere and the other is the decrease in the hydration of the polar groups in the dye by the hydration of electrolyte ions. Since there is no change in the spectrum, the ion pair is not formed even when the amount of the counter ion is increased. This indicates that the hydrophobic bond causes the aggregation in presence of the electrolyte.
On the contraly, C. I. Basic Blue 9, assumed to aggregate mainly by van der Waals force, forms dimer and higher aggregates in presence of electrolytes, and the ion pair is formed at higher concentration of electrolyte. In short, spectral change of the dye indicates that dimerization takes place in dilute solution of electrolyte, as in the case of C. I. Basic Violet 10, and that the higher aggregates are formed and the interaction occures between the dye ion and the counter ion in concentrated solution.View full abstractDownload PDF (544K) -
Chizuko Yatome, Toshihiko Ogawa, Yoshimi Takase1971 Volume 27 Issue 12 Pages 533-539
Published: December 10, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe aggregation of the basic dye is explained adequately in terms of van der Waals force and the hydrophobic bond. It is difficult, however, to estimate the contribution of the hydrophobic bond to the aggregation. The interaction between the dye and tetraalkylammonium chloride (R4 NCl) was studied spectrophotometrically to estimate the contribution of the hydrophobic bond. Results obtained were as follows:
1) R4NCl causes the aggregation or disaggregation of C. I. Basic Blue 9, C. I. Basic Violet 10, and C. I. Basic Red 1 depending on the given conditions. The effect of tetraalkylammonium cation is greater than that of the Cl anion.
2) C. I. Basic Blue 9 and Basic Red 1 aggregate in the dilute solution of R4NCl, i.e. Me4NCl, Et4NCl, and n-Bu4NCl. These dyes disaggregate in concentrated solution of R4NCl. C. I. Basic Violet 10 disaggregate in the presence of R4NCl. The effect was in the order; n-Bu4NCl>Et4NCl>Me4NCl.
3) The effect of NH4Cl on the aggregation of C. I. Basic Violet 10 becomes larger at lower temperatures. The effect of Me4NCl, Et4NCl, and n-Bu4NCl on the disaggregation becomes larger at higher temperatures.
4) The intensity of the interaction between the dye and R4N+ was in the order; C. I. Basic Violet 10>C. I. Basic Red 1>C. I. Basic Blue 9.
Results described above revealed facts that the aggregation of the dye cation is caused by the formation of the ionic atmosphere of the dye cation, and that the disaggregation is caused by the formation of the hydrophobic bond between the dye cation and R4N+.View full abstractDownload PDF (446K) -
Yoshiaki Shimizu1971 Volume 27 Issue 12 Pages 540-543
Published: December 10, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo find the most desirable stripping agent for silk-Remazol system, various stripping agents were examined in the relation to the following points:
1) Complete extraction of non-valently bonded dyes, 2) no degradation of silk, 3) no effect on dye-fiber bonds, 4) no reaction with the active dyes.
It was found that the stripping agent consisting of 50% urea plus 1% Dispersol VL is most suitable, because it has a very strong extractive power and also is suitable in cost and in handling.View full abstractDownload PDF (1428K) -
1971 Volume 27 Issue 12 Pages 544
Published: 1971
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (56K)
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