The clingy properties of fabrics under perspiration are closely related to discomfortable contact feel.
The clingy force on a water-meniscus between a sphere and a flat plate has been calculated as a simulation model of the clingy force of wet fabrics. The equation derived involves such factors as, the radius and number of the sphere, the angles of water-contact for the sphere and plate and water content. The clingy force increased rapidly in the range until about water content 1g/m² (0.77%) or wettedness 0.15cm²/cm², then reached the maximum value 2_??_3g/cm², when the initial conditions were 0.0085cm in the radius of the sphere, about 1500number/cm² in the number of the sphere-contact and 71° and 89° in the angles of water-contact for the sphere and plate. It was found that the clingy force was large when both the angles of water-contact for the sphere and plate were small, while it was small when both angles were large.

View full abstract

Water content dependency on the contact area of fabric is considered to be closely related with aspects of comfort, which reflecting many factors, such as tensional or oppressive property of moist fabrics, moist feels, and so on. In this study, the effect of moisture on the contact area of fabrics was estimated by the derived method using activated carbon and the following results were obtained.
(1) The contact area of fabrics (S_fb) increased as the moisture regain of fabrics (W₁) increased, and S_fb could be expressed as a function of W₁ in the characteristic region of W₁ as follows; where k₁ and k₂ were constants determined by variety of fabrics and so on.
(2) The above S_fb also increased with increasing water content per unit are of fabrics, which contact with the derived skin model, (W₂), and S_fb could be expressed as a function of W₂ within the characteristic region of W₂ as follows; where k′₁, k′₂ and k′₃ were constants determined by variety of fabrics and so on.

View full abstract

Cellulose nitrate (NC)-Poly (methyl acrylate) (PMA) blended membranes were obtained transparently by casting their mixtures in acetone. The permselectivity of the membranes for mixtures of H₂O and some alcohols was examined by pervaporation. Glass transition temperature, density and molar refractive index of the blends at various compositions showed almost linear dependences on the composition, which suggested a good compatibility of these polymers. The interaction parameters between NC and PMA obtained by sorption experiments of H₂O and the alcohols showed negative values which indicated their good compatibility. The sorbed amounts and permeation rates of H₂O and the alcohols and the apparent diffusion coefficient of H₂O showed minimum values at a composition of NC:PMA=1:1 in volume ratio, as suggested by the interaction parameters between NC and PMA. Maximum separation factors for H₂O and the alcohols were obtained for the 1:1 composition membrane.

View full abstract

Polyesters were prepared from the interfacial polycondensation of the following bisphenols with diacid chloride of terephthalic acid or adipic acid; bisphenol-A, tetrachloro or tetrabromobisphenol-A, bisphenol-S, and tetrachloro or tetrabromo bisphenol-S. The effects of halogen substitution on the synthesis and some properties of these polyesters were investigated.
Reduced specific viscosity of polyesters decreased by halogen substitution. Crystallinity and melting point of polyesters increased remarkably by halogen substitution except for poly (bisphenol-S terephthalate). The glass transition temperature of poly (bisphenol-A adipate) increased by halogen substitution. Polyesters from bisphenol-S showed thermal decomposition temperature lower and residue higher than those of polyesters from bisphenol-A. Weight loss at low temperature region and residue at high temperature region of polyesters increased by halogen substitution. Self-ignition temperature and flash point of polyesters also increased by halogen substitution. Polyesters from adipic acid were more thermally stable in air than in N₂. Polyesters from bisphenol-S were more flame-retardant than those from bisphenol-A. Solubility generally decreased by halogen substitution. Young's modulus increased and the rate of hydrolysis noticeably decreased by halogen substitution for poly (bisphenol-A adipate). These results were discussed by comparing with the cases of the previously reported halogenated polyesters and polyether-esters.

View full abstract

The heat of the reaction of acids and base with the model compounds of protein fiber was measured by a twin type microcalorimeter, in order to elucidate the dyeing mechanism of acid dyes on protein fibers. The mechanisms of above reactions were considered on the basis of Δδ (a parameter of hydration) and the heat evolved by the reaction.
The reactions of sodium hydroxide with aliphatic carboxylic acids, acids with aliphatic amines and basic amino acids, evolved large heat. From the results obtained, it is presumed that these reactions are virtually identical with the usual neutralization, thus most of heat evolved is due to the formation of water. Whereas a little heat evolved in the reactions of acids or sodium hydroxide with non-polar and acidic amino acids. Since these amino acids are existing in the zwitter ion structure, no water is formed by the reaction. Consequently, little heat evolved during the reaction.

View full abstract

A new pad-steam dyeing process using organic solvents has been developed. 1-Aminoanthraquinone or 1, 4-diaminoanthraquinone padded on the poly (ethylen terephthalate) fabrics could be fixed in high yield for a short time steaming with saturated organic vapour such as perclene and butanol-perclene mixture. The characteristic of fixation curves was compared with those of normal dip dyeing, and it was revealed that the dye padded on the fabric was fixed through three steps; the condensation of solvent on the fabric from vapour phase, the dissolution of dye in the condensed solvent and the dye diffusion into fabric from “very short liquor” formed on the fabric.
The steaming with N, N-dimethylformamide, which swells the polyester fabrics remarkedly and dissolves easily the disperse dyes on the fabrics, gives insufficient fixation of the dye on the fabrics. However, the practical fixation with high yield could be obtained through heat treatment for a short time after the solvent steaming.

View full abstract