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Volume 21, Issue 3
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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I. THE ESTIMATION OF THICKNESS OF NON-WOVEN FABRICSHideo Nishimoto, Katsuo Yoshikawa1965 Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 123-130
Published: March 10, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of the fiber and bindings of their thickness for the non-woven fabrics were studied.
The dial-thickness-gauge and slide caliper were used for measuring thickness. So far as the binderweb ratio (x) known as dry pock up, is held constant, the thickness of the products increases proportionally to their weights (Gn) where Dn: thickness by using a slide caliper dn: thickness by using a dial-thickness-gauge An, an: constant Constant An was assumed quantitavely.
In consideration of this constant, having x as a parameter, the experimental equation concerned with the equivalent thickness of non-woven fabrics was established where, Gw is the weight of web and Ab becomes constant A in the case of binder-film itself.
Moreover, the meaning of constant h and m are discussed in detail.
The results are that h and m are the constants relating respectively to the recovering ability of the fiber and to the bonding strength between the two.View full abstractDownload PDF (485K) -
Ichiro Sakurada, Yasuyoshi Sakaguchi1965 Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 131-135
Published: March 10, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPolyvinyl chloride (PVC) fibers imbibing solutions of various catalysts (K2S2O8, (NH4)2S2O8, H202, BPO and AIBN) were heated with pure styrene, styrene-methanol and styrene-petroleum benzine mixtures in the air in sealed tubes. Solvents in imbibing solutions were water (for K2S2O8, (NH4)2 S2O8 and H2O2), water-methanol mixtures (for (NH4)2S2O8, H2O2 and AIBN), methanol (for AIBN and BPO) and a methanol-benzene mixture (for AIBN and BPO); concentrations of the catalysts were 0.3_??_2%. About 2g of styrene was added per g-fiber, and heated at 30_??_90°C.
The grafting was affected by the composition of styrene solutions, the order of the ease of the grafting was pure styrene>styrene-methanol mixture (1:1 by volume)>styrene-petroleum benzine mixture (2:1 by volume). Among the catalysts AIBN was the most effective in contrast with cases of cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol fibers, and the degree of grafting of about 140% was obtained under favorable conditions. Increase of methanol contents in the imbibing solutions accelerated the grafting. These facts may be attributed to the greater affinity of methanol than that of water to PVC fiber.
Some experiments were also carried out with dry PVC fiber imbibing catalysts; PVC fiber was at first dipped in catalyst solutions, the solvents of the imbibing solutions were evaporated at room temperature, then the dry fiber was heated with pure styrene. Contrary to the cases of cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol fibers the graft polymerization proceeded rather smoothly. This may be due to the high affinity of styrene to dry PVC fiber.
PVC fibers imbibing solutions of various catalysts were also heated with pure vinyl acetate and its solutions, but the degree of grafting greater than about 15% could not be obtained. When dried PVC fibers imbibing AIBN or BPO were heated with a vinyl acetate-petroleum benzine mixture (2:1 by volume), the degree of grafting of about 35% was obtained, whereas when the dry fibers were heated with a vinyl acetate-methanol mixture (1:1 by volume), no desirable results were obtained. These results may be explained by the high affinity of vinyl acetate to dry PVC fiber and the retarding effect of methanol to the grafting.View full abstractDownload PDF (397K) -
Ichiro Sakurada, Yasuyoshi Sakaguchi, Yasui Sakai1965 Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 136-140
Published: March 10, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPolyethylene terephthalate fibers (Tetoron) imbibing solutions of various catalysts (K2S2O8, (NH4)2S2O8, H2O2, BPO and AIBN) were heated with styrene in the air in sealed tubes. When the solvent of K2S2O8 and (NH4)2S2O8 was water the grafting proceeded only slightly, but when solvent was a water-methanol mixture the grafting proceeded to a considerable extent. In the cases of H2O2 the grafting proceeded smoothly even when the imbibing solvent was water. The fibers imbibing methanol solutions of AIBN could also be grafted with relatively high efficiencies.
Dried fibers imbibing catalysts were heated with pure styrene or styrene-methanol mixtures, but the degree of grafting was low. Generally the graft efficiency of styrene onto the polyester fiber was lower than those onto cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, nylon and polyvinyl chloride fibers. Behaviors of the grafting onto Vycron fiber were similar to those onto Tetoron fiber.
The graft polymerization of vinyl acetate onto the polyester fibers was also investigated, but no desirable results were obtained. The difficulty of the grafting onto the polyester fibers may be mainly due to difficulty of penetration of the catalysts and/or the monomers into the fibers.View full abstractDownload PDF (402K) -
Ichiro Sakurada, Yasuyoshi Sakaguchi1965 Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 141-146
Published: March 10, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVarious fibers imbibing solutions of several catalysts (K2S2O8, (NH4)2S2O8, H2O2, AIBN and BPO) were heated with pure acrylonitrile in sealed tubes. The heating was carried out for 50 hrs at 60°C or for 20 hrs at 80°C in air. Solvents for catalyst to be imbibed were water, water-methanol mixtures, methanol and benzene-petroleum benzine mixtures. Concentrations of the catalysts were 0.3_??_2%.
The grafting onto cellulose fibers proceeded smoothly in the presence of persuiphates, but with difficulty in the presence of H2O2, AIBN and BPO. The efficiency of grafting onto viscose rayon was greater than that onto cotton. The grafting onto unheat-and heat-treated (at 200°C) polyvinyl alcohol fibers proceeded easily when the catalyst was (NH4)2S2O8 or H2O2, but with difficulty when the catalyst was AIBN or BPO. The grafting onto nylon fibers proceeded to a considerable extent only in the case of (NH4)2S2O8 catalyst.
In contrast to the above mentioned fibers the grafting onto polyvinyl chloride fibers took place more smoothly in the presence of AIBN and BPO than in the presence of (NH4)2S2O8. The grafting of acrylonitrile onto polyester fibers was difficult throughout the experiments.
Instead of pure acrylonitrile an acrylonitrile-dimethyl formamide mixture (1:1 by volume) or 20% aqueous solution of acrylonitrile was used for the grafting, but the degree of grafting was always lower than that obtained with pure acrylonitrile. The grafting onto dried fibers imbibing catalysts was also difficult.
Generally the behaviors of grafting of acrylonitrile lay between those of styrene and vinyl acetate, and were rather near to those of vinyl acetate.View full abstractDownload PDF (412K) -
(PART V) THE EFFECT OF SOLVENT AS DYEING-ASSISTANT ON MILLING ACID DYEYoshimi Takase, Toshihiko Ogawa, Katuyoshi Shibata1965 Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 147-152
Published: March 10, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to investigate the various behaviors of solvent assisted wool dyeing by adding several sparingly soluble solvents in water to Suminol Red PG (C. I. Acid Red 85), (a) the time of half dyeing, (b) diffusion coefficient, (c) affinity, (d) the effects of pH and temperature on the rate of dyeing, (e) the solvent absorption from aqueous solution by wool, and (f) partition ratio between water and solvent has been examined.
Of the organic solvents used, phenol, n-amyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol are effective and the last solvent was found to be the most suitable in its practicality.
The effects of aliphatic alcohol as solvent are seen to depend on the average carbon chain length and hydrophobic property of compounds. The solvents, giving their effect, are not sufficient at 20_??_50°C, but the most effective at 65_??_80°C. The effects are remarkable according to increase Hconcentration. The dye's affinity is only a little decreased as a result of adding the previous solvent. The adsorption isotherms of phenol and benzyl alcohol agree with Henry's equation. The molar free energy of desorption ΔG°(=RT lnP) of phenol and benzyl alcohol from water to wool are 925 and 530 cal/mol respectively. The time of half dyeing of both solvents, on the other hand, are 30 and 44min. respectively, so that their effects are closely connected with the time of half dyeing and the absorption of the solvent by the wool. The dye's solvility of each solvent is greater than that of water, and the greater is the partition ratio, the higher the rate of dyeing, The effect of solvent, therefore, is influenced to the absorption of the solvent by wool, and partition ratio between water and solvent.View full abstractDownload PDF (412K) -
(PART VI) ON THE FADING MECHANISM OF AZO DYES CAUSED BY REDUCING AGENTSYoshimi Takase, Toshihkiko Ogawa1965 Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 152-157,147
Published: March 10, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the process of the wool fabric setting with monoethanolamine sulfite, the dye on the fabric is often reduced to fade.
In order to investigate the fading mechanism, the spectral changes of dyes by adding the reducing agents have been examined. In the result of the reductive reaction, the absorption spectra of the dyes shifted to the short wave length side, making an isobestic point and then decreased. Thus it was found that the reduction of azo dyes has two step reactions. In the first step reaction azo group seems to change into hydrazo group, and in the second step hydrazo group into amino group or other compounds produced by the intramolecular rearrangement.
The equilibrium relation with the oxidation of hydrazo group lay in the first step reaction, and it obeys the equation of the secondary reaction between the dye and monoethanolamine sulfite. In the first step reaction the rate of converting azo group to hydrazo group agrees with Hamett's equation, forming a linear relationship between the rates and the substituent constants, and the rate is decreased by the presence of the electron releaseable substituent.View full abstractDownload PDF (521K) -
(8) DYEING WITH DISPERSE DYESAkira Takaoka, Akira Katayama, Nobuhiko Kuroki, Kenzo Konishi1965 Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 158-163
Published: March 10, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe equilibrium absorptions of several disperse dyes by Orlon 42 have been investigated at 90° and 100°. The thermodynamic parameters for the transfer of one mole of disperse dye from water to acrylic fiber were calculated. The results are discussed in terms of.
These three new functions are difined as follows: where subscript s stands for the standard dye and subscript i the dye to be compared. Thus are changes in thermodynamic parameters caused by introduction of some substituent in the standard dye. In this study aminoazobenzene has been taken as a standard dye. The free energy increments are functions of the enthalpy and entropy increments, that is any of the substituent effects on the free energy can be separated into effects on the enthalpy and the entropy.
The equation (4) is transformed into the following equation
The term represents the thermodynamic character of the substituent effect.
In dyeing phenomenon the enthalpy and entropy increments have the same signs. So the terms has always a positive sign.
Therefore four possible cases are derived:
The case 1. The term is negative. From the equation (5), it is obvious that the subutituent effect on the free energy is negative and this is due to the energetic situation.
The case 2. The term is positive. In this case the substituent effect on the free energy is positive and this is due to the energetic situation.
The case 3. The term is negative. In this case the substituent effect on the free energy is positive and this is due to the entropic situation.
The case 4. The term is positive. In this case the substituent effect on the free energy is negative and this is due to the entropic situation.
The substituent effects under these treatments are discussed and it was found that “hydrophobic bonding” might be an important factor in the interaction between disperse dyes and acrylic fibers.View full abstractDownload PDF (375K) -
(XV) A POSSIBILITY OF CONTRIBUTION OF α-CH…X-DYE TYPE HYDROGEN BONDING IN DYEING MECHANISM WITH AZOBENZENE TYPE DISPERSE DYESYoshio Suda, Hideo Ujigawa1965 Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 164-168
Published: March 10, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to find what contribution can be ascribed to α-CH…X-Dye type hydrogen bonding in dyeing with azobenzene type disperse dyes, Rf values of dyes in paperchromatography are discussed from the viewpoint of the interaction between dyes and esters, and noted with the results as follows:
1) Similarly as to aminoanthraquinone type dyes, there exists the correlation between Rf value and ester concentration [A]. Changes of free energy (-ΔF) of interaction may be calculated from the estimated K.
2) The smaller the electron density in α-CH position of ester is the larger -ΔF value becomes, hence it is known that α-CH…X-Dye type hydrogen bonding makes an important contribution to the interaction.
3) It is suggested from the result (2) that α-CH…X-Dye type hydrogen bonding makes a good part of contribution to dyeing with azobenzene type disperse dyes, too.View full abstractDownload PDF (300K) -
[in Japanese]1965 Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages S63-S65
Published: March 10, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (307K) -
[in Japanese]1965 Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages S66-S71
Published: March 10, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (2142K) -
[in Japanese]1965 Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages S72-S77
Published: March 10, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (433K) -
[in Japanese]1965 Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages S78-S83
Published: March 10, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (458K) -
[in Japanese]1965 Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages S84-S89
Published: March 10, 1965
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (523K)
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