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Volume 28, Issue 10
Displaying 1-7 of 7 articles from this issue
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Akira Kai1972 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 381-386
Published: October 10, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper reports on the infrared study of the rehydrogenation of deuterated cellulose I and cellulose II with alcohols and water.
Deuteration of the crystalline region of cellulose II at room temperature was carried out. It was observed that all the hydroxyl groups in the crystalline region were completely deuterated. In the amorphous region, the rehydrogenation behaviour of the deuterated cellulose II with alcohols at room temperature is quite different from that with water, but in the crystalline region the difference is very slight.
It was shown, however, that the rehydrogenations of the resistant OD in the cellulose I and cellulose II with alcohols at temperatures from 110° to 170°C were not different from that with water.
It is most provable that the rehydrogenation of crystalline cellulose proceeded by proton transfer.View full abstractDownload PDF (392K) -
Saburo Okajima, Akira Kai1972 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 387-391
Published: October 10, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to compare the deuteration behavior of ramie to that of Valonia, a ramie sheet was deuterated at high temperatures up to 210°C, followed by rehydrogenation with H2O vapor at room temperature.
The following results are obtained:
1) In the room temperature deuteration or rehydrogenation, the correlation between the fraction of residual OH or OD groups and log (1+t) is expressed by three intersecting lines of different gradients, where t is the integrated time of deuteration or rehydrogenation. From the results it is concluded that ramie can be devided into amorphous (A), intermediate (B) and crystalline regions (C) similar to the case of Valonia reported previously. However, in the case of ramie the region C is invaded by a deuterate reaction very slowly at room temperature in contrast with that of Valonia, which completely resists to the room temperature deuteration.
2) The amount of resistant OD groups developed in the region C in ramie is higher than in Valonia in the high temperature deuteration.
3) OD groups developed in the region C cannot be rehydrogenated with alkaline solution unless its concentration is sufficiently as high as to mercerize ramie. From (1) - (3) it is concluded that the crystalline region of ramie is of the lower order than Valonia.View full abstractDownload PDF (958K) -
Jirn Simizu, Hisashi Hamano, Shoichi Isikawa1972 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 392-402
Published: October 10, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this report, the authors tried to represent the characteristics of extruder by the transfer function obtained from the pulse testing method and to discuss the mixing efficiency under different dimension of screw and dies.
A colored chip was applied as the impulse signal into the extruder and those distributions of color density were measured as the function on of the length of flow.
Those distribution patterns are represented by:
1/K (exp(-1/Tl) + exp(-1/T2) )
Coefficient K and factor T vary with the rate of screw revolutions, screw compression ratio and die dimensions (L/D), and the transfer functions of extruder are represented as the second or third order characteristic function by analysing those distribution patterns of Fig. 8 -Fig. 10 numerically.
The good coincide was found between the characterization of extruder based on back mixing model and the experimental results obtained by the pulse testing method.View full abstractDownload PDF (2015K) -
Takao Shibusawa, Kensaku Hosoi1972 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 403-410
Published: October 10, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe interaction between 4-aminoazobenzene and C. I. Disperse Red 17, and sodium alkyl sulfates in aqueous solution was studied spectrophotmetrically using Scott's and Lang's equation. A pronounced spectral change in the dye solution occures by addition of surfactant. The change has definite isosbestic points, and a new absorption band appears at about 500nm. This absorption band is attributed to the formation of 1:1 complex between the azo dye and the surfactant. The free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy changes (ΔS°) for the complex formation were determined.
The value of the ΔH° was always negative. The value of the ΔG° decreases with an increase in the alkyl chain length of the surfactant, whereas the ΔH° and ΔS° become larger. Therefore, the decrease in the ΔG° with an increase in hydrophobic nature of the component is ascribed to the increase in ΔS°.
These results were explained in terms of the change in the structure of water around the hydrophobic parts of the components before and after the complex formation.
From these results it may be deduced that there is a important contribution of the hydrophobic interaction between the dye and the surfactant in the complex formation.View full abstractDownload PDF (516K) -
Mieko Tagawa, Yasuko Tsujii, Seibe Yoshikawa1972 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 411-418
Published: October 10, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAnti-redeposition action of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in washing process was investigated. PVA of various degrees of acetate residue hydrolysed from polyvinyl acetate was added as a builder to soiling bath containing carbon black dispersed in aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Degree of soil deposition on cotton, nylon, vinylon, polyester and polyacryl nitril fabric was measured by optical reflectance method after they were treated in the soiling bath.
It was found that the addition of any sample of PVA to the soiling bath prevented soil deposition on all fabrics used in this experiment. Soil prevention effect became more remarkable with decreasing of degree of acetate residue. The soil prevention effect of high degree of acetate residue (18.5-21.5mol%) in 0.2% SDS aqueous solution was less than that in 0.1% SDS aqueous solution. It seemed that this was due to complex formation between SDS and PVA. Comparing the soil prevention effect of PVA deposited on the fabrics with that of PVA in the soiling bath, it was thought that the latter alone is effective for soil prevention. It is deduced that PVA molecules were adsorbed on carbon black particles to have the soil prevention effect.View full abstractDownload PDF (1395K) -
Isao Ajiki, Hiroyuki Ogawa1972 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 419-425
Published: October 10, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe nip width and the driving torque were measured during rotation of metal and rubber-covered rollers under dead weight and with constant peripheral speed. The characteristic values of mechanical model of the cover were also decided from the measurement of the dynamic modulus and tan δ of the rubbers, and a comparison of the dynamic mechanical characteristic of model with them was made.
Comparing the experimental results with the calculated ones using the method explained in the previous paper, the following conclusions were obtained:
(1) In our test apparatus the center distance between the rollers changes with peripheral speed, particularly when soft rubber is used. Thus our theory is compared with the experiments of hard rubber-covered rollers.
(2) The nip width during rotation is smaller than that of standing still, and it decreases with an increase in peripheral speed.
(3) For soft rubber-covered rollers the rolling friction increases with an increase in peripheral speed, and for rollers covered by hard rubber it is constant or decreases in the high range of speed.
(4) The experimental results do not coincide with the calculated ones. The disagreement is considered to arise from the fact that the characteristic values of mechanical model are decided on the basis of the measurement of the dynamic modulus of the cylindrical test pieces, where the free deformation of the test piece is allowed.View full abstractDownload PDF (919K) -
Zenzo Tanaka1972 Volume 28 Issue 10 Pages 426-429
Published: October 10, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMolecular weight (degree of polymerization) of the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) contained in the PMMA-grafted linen was investigated. The sample was obtained by the polymerization in the absence of radical initiator. The PMMA contained in the grafted linen was isolated from backbone polymer by acid hydrolysis, and its intrinsic viscosity was measured in acetone solution.
With increasing polymerization time, degree of polymerization increased, attained a maximum, and then decreased. The number of PMMA branches per cellulose chain increased with increasing time.
The degree of polymerization and number of PMMA branches per cellulose chain were affected by the emulsifiers. The degree of polymerization decreased in general with increasing concentration of emulsifier. When Neugen YX-500 was used as emulsifier, the number of PMMA branches per cellulose chain increased with concentration of emulsifier, attained a maximum, and then decreased. In the case of other emulsifiers, the number of PMMA branches per cellulose chain varied with emulsifiers. The degree of polymerization of the PMMA branches was higher than that of the nongrafted PMMA.View full abstractDownload PDF (280K)
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