Cysts of giardia lamblia obtained from human feces were washed by repeated centrifugation and were immersed in various media. A small portion of the suspension was taken every day to determine the percentage of live and dead cysts. The cysts stained with eosin solution were considered as dead ones.
Among various media tested, tap water, normal saline and 1.7% saline solution were most favourable for the survival of the cysts. In these media, it took more than 10 days until 80% of cysts were killed. Normal saline was especially favourable for the survival and almost 30% of the cysts remained alive at the 15th day. In saline of higher concentration, cysts died more earlier and in its 6.8% solution, 80% of the cysts died by 5 days. In sea water, and in urine-feces mixture, 90% of the cysts died by 5∼6 days. The Ph values did not exert practical influence upon their survival. The desiccation was quite injurious for the cysts. Most of the cysts were killed by even 20 minutes of desiccation.

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The present paper deals with the pathological anatomy, the diagnosis and the treatment of the middle lobe syndrome in 9 clinical cases.
This syndrome is apt to be overlooked by the sagittal chest radiogram, and therefore, for the diagnosis of this syndrome, it is necessary to catch the direct and indirect signs of atelectasis in the middle lobe either by the bronchography or by the frontal chest radiography.
As the occurrence of this syndrome is not so rare, and this may often cause the general infection, more attentions should be paid to this syndrome.

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There are only few reports on the virulence of isoniazid (INAH) resistant tubercle bacilli in mice, although many evidences have been accululated that INAH resistant tubercle bacilli will manifest loss of virulence for guinea pigs. The present paper deals with the virulence for mice and the catalase activity of INAH resistant tubercle bacilli.
Of 7 INAH resistant strains used in the present study, 4 were isolated from the sputa of tuberculous patients, treated with INAH, and the other 3 strains were obtained in vitro by culturing H37Rv under the selection by INAH. Each of these INAH resistant strains revealed various degrees of resistancy some were completely or partially resistant to higher concentrations of INAH, and the others were partially or completely resistant to rather
lower concentrations of INAH.
20 mice were provided for the virulence test of each strain. Standardized suspension containing approximately 0.1 mg wet weight of test organisms was inoculated to the mice intravenously. The inoculated mice were divided into 2 groups. One group of them served for the calculation of survival rate, and 3 mice in the remaining group were sacrificed for autopsy every 10 days after infection, in order to search the infectioe agents in the internal organs and to examine the gross pathological findings.
Cultures obtained from the sacrificed animals were retested for their INAH resistance to see the changes of INAH resistance in vivo, occurred during the course of the infection, if any. Catalase activity of these cultures were also tested by pouring H₂O₂ solution.
The known 0isoniazid susceptible strain was always served as the controls in each set of the tests.
The results obtained are as follows:
1) Judged from the survival rate, results of the cultivation and gross pathological findings of infected animals, all of the INAH resistant strains tested, whether they were isolated from patients or obtained in vitro under the serection by INAH, showed much the same virulence for mice as the control INAH susceptible strain.
2) Results of INAH resistance tests of the cultures obtained from sacrificed mice showed that the partially INAH resistant strains revealed the tendency of decreasing their INAH resistante during the course of infection, while the completely INAH resistant strains maintained the same degree of resistance throughout the course of infection.
3) The completely INAH resistant strains manifested loss of their catalase activity, while the partially INAH resistant strains showed weak to moderate catalase activity.
The results shown in (2) and (3) indicate that so-called partially INAH resistant strain has the tendency to revert to INAH sensitive nature, hence its conposition of population is always not homogeneous, while so-called completely INAH resistant strain has the population of homogeneous composition. It will be important in the study of drug resistance to consider such composition of population.
From the results shown in (1) and the accumulating evidences indicating the loss of virulence in guinea pigs of INAH resistant tubercle bacilli, it will be concluded that virulence of INAH resistant tubercle bacilli should be determined by the species of infected host. It will be very dangerous to consider that INAH resistant tubercle bacilli may be attenuated for human similarly for guinea pigs.

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In the observation of tubercle bacilli in the sputum of pulmonary tuberculosis patients at convalescence stage, the relation between the percentage of positive result and the times of sputum examination was specially studied.
The materials were selected from the patients whose sputum culture were either always negative or rarely positive by one or two examinations per month for the last 6 months. 1) The whole sputum expectorated in a day were cutured continuously for 7 days, in 102 cases. When the cultures were examined by the 3rd day of culture, the positive result was about 70%-80% of the positive percentage that was obtained by 7th day's culture. When the cultures were examined by the first day of the culture, it was about 30%-50%.
2) On 26 cases, every day's cultures of sputum expectorated in the early morning were studied for 30 days. When the cultures were examined by the 3rd day, the positive percentage was about 26% of the 30th day's rate, and by 7th day, the percentage of positive results was 47% of the last day's one.
3) In this experiment, sputum was collected and cultured several times separately in one day and it was recognized that the bacilli in sputum were more frequently found while the patients were working.
4) It was found that it is necessary to culture the whole sputum expectorated in a day by reconvalescent patients, who are discharging the bacilli rarely.

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Many studies have been conducted on the changes of the vessels in the cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. Aoki and his colaborators had observed the dilatation of the bronchial arteries and the swelling of the walls, and estimated the increase of circulation blood. They considered the results to be an important factor of the healing processes.
The conclusions we arrived at, after the examination of the changes of the arteries belonging to the foci, are as follows:
1) The growth of the tuberculous foci is always attended with the proliferation of elastic fibres in the bronchial arteries belonging to them.
2) With the lapse of time, the said bronchial arteries, with the proliferation in the lamina elastica externs and interna, fibrous tubefaction in the intima, and fibrosis around tunica adventitia, developed the symptom of the continuous high blood pressure.
3) The said facts may be interpreted as irrigating currents of the highly exidized blood, due to the increase of the aortal blood in the parts of the foci, have an important factor prompting the proliferation of the interstitial connective tissues.
4) The degree of the proliferation of elastic fibers in the bronchial arteries is equal to that of the atelectasis of the pulmonary organisms around the foci, and that of deposition in them. It has no relation to the size of the individual focus.

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