Based on detailed and precise observations of primay immunodeficiency diseases and experimental models of thymectomized and/or bursectomized animals, using newer methods for measure the immunologic functions, concept of specific antibody-mediated immunity and specific cell-mediated immunity was developed.
The growing availability of newer tests for immunologic functions, the aberration of the immunologic function were found not only in primary immunodeficiency diseases but also found in variety of the diseases, such as malignancies, autoimmune diseases and viral diseases, etc.
This article explains those immunologic function tests briefly.
It is very important to have a precise knowledge about an evaluation of those immunologic function tests.

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It has been evident that lymphocytes are immunologically competent cells and consist of two distinct populations with different functions and properties. Recent aspects on lymphocytes and immune responses are reviewed.
T cell population derived from thymus, it involves in cellular immunity, while B cell population derived from bursa-equivalent organ, it functions as the precursor of antibody producing cell. In cellular immunity, sensitized T cells function as the inducer for the accumulation of macrophages (Mφ) and lymphocytes to develop delayed hypersensitivity. T cells also play an important role as an effector cell in allograft and tumor rejection mechanisms. In addition, K cells and macrophages also involve in these rejection reactions as effector cells together with antibody and arming factor. The production of antibody against a majority of antigens by B cells does not develop unless it should activated by the helper function of T cells and macrophages. That is, participation of T cells is prerequisite for the induction of antibody production. Various immune responses above mentioned are also regulated by a subset of T cell population named suppressor T cells. And the cell interaction between T-B cells and T-Mφ cells is regulated by the gene products of the immune response genes which link to the major histocom-patibility loci.

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There is well-established evidence that the hypersensitivity response in extrinsic asthma is of the type I category. Other type of asthma, such as asthma of intrinsic, infectious, aspirin-induced, and exercise-induced type etc., however, is considered not to be mediated by Immunoglobulin E. Their mechanism is poorly understood. Cases with asthma and pulmonary eosinophilia were reviewed and them etiology was discussed from the immunological aspects.
In 500 patients with asthma in our allergy clinic there were 5 patients with pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia (PIE Syndrome) in whom a specific diagnosis was established. They were allergic bronchopulmonary candidiasis, chronic eosinophylic pneumonia, allergic granulomatous angitis, chronic bronchitis and diffuse panbronchiolitis, respectively. Their asthma was characterized by fever, weight loss, leucocytosis, large volume of sputum and productive cough. Skin tests to common inhalant antigens were principally negative except for molds. Precipitins to Candida were positive in the patient with allergic bronchopulmonary candidiasis in whom late asthmatic reactions were provoked by inhalation of extracts from Candida albicans, Serum IgE levels were low, ranging from 40 to 700 ng/ml. It appeared that type I or both type I and type III reactions might be involved in these cases. The possibility that Arthus type and/or cell-mediated hypersensitivity might be playing a part was suggested in some of the respiratory reactions observed in asthma of infectious type.

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Inhaled antigens mainly referred to bronchial asthma were reviewed with special reference to antigens inherent in Japan.
The three classical antigens that are windborne plant pollens, mold spores and house dust, have been still of importance. Of these, plant pollens are the principal offenders. Increasing attention has been payed to pollen allergy and atmospheric pollens for these about ten years. This leads to the fact that the native plants are rather important relative to the introduced ones. These are Japanese cedar, Japanese oak, Japanese alder, Japanese birch and orientally originated elm of trees, rice and Eulalia of grass, and sagebrush, daisy-fleabane in orient origin and Japanese hop of weeds. Under closed, occupational circumstances, unexpected plants may be contributed to the production of pollen allergy: strawberry, sugar beat, chrysanthemum and Dalmatian chrysanthemum.
The place of molds as allergens has been less completely evaluated than that of pollens. However, sorts of mold and its significance in allergy practice are generally in common with different countries. Alternaria, cladsporium, aspergillus, penicillium and candida are commonly encountered as allergens also in Japan. Potent molds should be rather divided into two groups from the stanpoint of allergy practice. One is the group including alternaria and cladsporium, whose spores are quite air-borne, and have definite season, so that these spores-sensitive patients show seasonal symptoms. Another is the group composing of candida and/or aspergillus and penicillium which grow to approximately the same extent both indoor and outdoor, and have not definite season, and may grow on human body. The latter group may induce a perenial allergic state into atopic individuals, and moreover induce an allergic phenomenon designated type 3 or type 4, which resembles apparently to infectious allergy. Trichophyton could share one of the second group on the score of having property to introduce both early and late reaction.
House dust mite has been intensively surveyed. There was a good correlation between house dust and mite clinically and fundamentally. This leads the result that Dermatopha-goides pteronyssinus is a common and important antigen in Japan.
The other miscellaneons antigens are generally related to occupation or locally conditioned environment. There are various antigens found in restricted or closed area: sea-squirt, buckwheat, red cedar, amorphollus konyak, spores of Letinus edodes, animal danders handled by hair-pencile makers, and pollens mentioned above.
On the other hand, we are now awake to simple chemicals which, for instance, have been typically presented by penicillin allergy. MSIS named by Popa has an interesting problem and a more important subject to study in future.

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Recent progress of immunology has made clear the mechanism of acquired immunity gradually and developed the diagnosis and treatment of immune deficiencies. It is the principle of its treatment to establish the diagnosis and to start the treatment most suitable to the clinical pictures before prolonged infectious disease has resulted in irreversible tissue damage.
For this purpose we must be well acquainted with the mechanism of acquiring immunity and grasp correctly the features of the clinical manifestations and the results of clinical findings.
In this paper we will attempt to present the features of clinical manifestations, diagnosis and current therapies, especially about congenital immune deficiencies.

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As the etiology of diffuse interstitial fibrosing pneumonia, viral infection was suspected since description of Hamman and Rich in 1944, and autoimmune mechanism, hereditary disposition and chemical irritants have been also postulated. Viral infection is speculated by histopathological similarity of this disease to viral pneumonia, cases preceded by clinical symptomes of viral infection, existance of inclusion bodies and virus particles by electron microscopy. With relatively chronic case, we observed adenovirus particles electron micro-scopically and confirmed adenovirus infection by immunofluorescent technique. Some cases of diffuse interstitial fibrosing pneumonia show antilung antibody, rheumatoid factor and anti-nuclear antibody. These immunological findings of this disease might suggest to share viral infection with autoimmune diseases including SLE which is suspected to be triggered by this infection.

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In 1936, Wegener described a necrotizing granulomatous process with angitis. In its typical form it is manifested by a triad of upper respiratory tract lesion, pulmonary disease and glomerulonephritis, but the full triad is not always present. This paper reports two cases of Wegener's granulomatosis for which 67-Ga scanning was performed.
Case 1: a 19-years-old male with a chief complaint of swelling on the left subman-dibular lymphnode. 67-Ga scan was performed in the course of VEMP therapy. Increased accumulation of 67-Ga revealed the lesion clearly, but the bone scan with 99m-Tc-EHDP showed no abnormal finding.
Case 2: a 79-years-old female with complaint of fever. VEMP therapy and irradiation was carried out. Scanning was done when the complaint was fairly free after the treatment. In this case the abnormal accumulation of 67-Ga and 99m-Tc-EHDP were not recognized, 67-Ga-citrate was known to be uptaken not only in neoplastic tumor, but also in sarcoidosis and in some inflammation. Therefore it seemed that the Wegener's granulomatosis would also show positive scan. The first case support this inspection, and the second case suggest the same phenomenon of which the decreased uptake 67-Ga in the irradiated malignant tumor.

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We have measured the serum IgE concentration in 200 patients with various diseases by using LC-Partigen IgE immunodiffusion plates, in order to find out any correlation between serum IgE levels and diseases.
1) Normal level of IgE (500 u/ml>) was observed in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, lung cancer, diabetes, hypertension, progressive muscular dystrophy (PMD) and tetanus, whereas the patients with lung silicosis and tuberculosis, drug allergy, bronchial asthma, allergic urticaria, eosinophilia, rheumatic fever, mycosis and allergic skin diseases revealed high levels.
2) Two clinical cases from the above are very suggestive for a positions correlated with serum IgE level and clinical status;
(i) A patient with pulmonary tuberculosis who was allergic to Sodium isonicotinic acid hydrazid N-methane sulfonate (IHMS);
For the purpose of desensitization, he was given stepwise increased dose of P. O. IHMS, in which started with initial dose of 50mg/day for 2 weeks and then increased 50mg every 2 weeks up to 600mg/day for total 6 months period.
Before the treatment, he demonstrated consistently high level of serum IgE (1500u/ml). The level of IgE decreased gradually, however, in the course of treatment and normalized on the completion of treatment. In a middle of treatment, he was free of any allergic symptom.
(ii) A patient with rheumatic fever;
In the course of treatment, we observed the normalization of serum IgE level and this seemed to be correlated with values of other laboratory examinations such as RA, CRP and ASLO test.

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