Because of the diffusion of the use of penicillin and other antibiotics, problems of drug resistance of micrococci pyogenes and cross injection have become more and more important, in recent years. If we try to clarify the diseases caused by certain bacteria, we must generally study the ecology of the bacteria harbored on the mucous membranes of the body. Since 1948 the authors have studied for 10 years on the bacterial flora, especially, micrococci pyogenes, in the upper respiratory tracts and their resistance to penicillin. Results obtained were as follows:
1. Nasal carrier rate of micrococci pyogenes was very high in new born and very low in children of Kindergarten. In average, the rate was 20∼30%. The rate of penicillin resistant strains from the nasal carriers was much higher in the Nursing College's students than in other healthy person. In 1955, the rate of penicillin resistant strains reached to 100% in the former group, but since 1957 it decreased (92.3%).
2. The carrier rate of micrococci pyogenes in throats of the students of the Nursing College was three times higher than that of the other healthy person outside of the institution. The rate of penicillin resistant strains from the throats was higher in the former group than in the latter in 1952 and 1953, but in 1955 and 1956 it became about 80%, and in 1957 both became 90% and reached to the equal rate to that of nasal carriers.

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In various cases of gastric diseases, the author measured β-glucuronidase activity of gastric juice, serum and tissue. Results were as follows:
In cases of ulcer, β-glucuronidase showed low activity, especially in gastric juice. In cases of cancer, β-glucuronidase activities of gastric juice, serum and tissue inclined to increase evidently. In chronic inflammation and the other cases gastric juice showed the same rise as in cancer, but serum showed very low activity of β-glucuronidase. In postoperative cases, β-glucuronidase activity of gastric juice and serum inclined to become low, especially in case of cancer. In case of recurrence of cancer, β-glucuronidase activity increased and at its terminal atage, it further increased. In cancer, β-glucuronidase activity of gastric juice was elevated in proportion to infiltration. As for specimens for microscopy, β-glucuronidase showed high activity in the most evident part of infiltration of cancer cells. In gastric juice, β-glucuronidase activity was kept equilibrium comparatively if kept in a ice box, but it changed at room temperature, due to bacterial infection, Especially, β-glucuronidase activity was inhibited strongly by the existence of free hydrochloric acid.

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There are several methods for the measurement of Na and K in serum and urine, but all of them are of complicated procedure and take many hours. Meanwhile, Lange's method with model-II flame photometer proved to be comparatively easy to handle and to be able to produce pretty satisfactory results within a short time. The quantity of K in serum, being so little as 5mEq/L, cannot be measured with an ordinary galvanometer. It is necessary, therefore, either to use a more sensitive one or to lower the degree of dilution of standard solution. However, if alcohol is used as solvent, the combustion of K will be accerelated. Availing of those facts, the author used a 10% alcohol solvent. As for serum, the standard curve, of both Na and K was almost straight, while, as for urine, that was fluctuating; almost straight in the middle part of the curve, and bending as the degree of dilution became low and or high.
The indicator of galvanometer swang the more in the measurement of K than in Na; i. e., in the former 1% while in the latter 2 to 3%. The limit of measurement was 2.8mEq/L in Na, and 0.6 in K, and the lower concentration than the above could not be measured. According to this method, the concentration of Na in sera of healthy persons was between 134.4 and 148.4mEq/L, and in the average 140.2mEq/L, and in female it was a little lower than in male. The quantity of K was from 4, 68 to 5.06mEq/L, in the average it was 4.86mEq/L, and difference by sex was not observed.

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Sputa obtained from cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and non tuberculous respiratory infections were examined by means of hemagglutination reaction with previously trypsinized red blood cells. The trypsinized method, reported formerly, was performed as pretreatment of 0.3ml of human O-type red blood cells with 10ml of 0.1% trypsin solution, pH about 7.5, at 37°C, for 45 minutes, prior to sensitization with the extraction of sputa. Results were as follows:
1. The rate of detection of tuberculin-like substance could be raised by higher hemagglutinin titer as compared to non trypsinized ordinary method. 2. In 11 of 18 cases (61.0%), positive results were obtained. At the same time, those rate and degree were considerably related to the extension of pulmonary lesions in x-ray examination, however, they were not necessarily parallel to the exsistence of tubercle bacilli in sputa. On the contrary, in all cases of non tuberculous respiratory infections, negative results were observed. 3. Those results together with the result in the resorption test of highly immunized sera, may indicate that this reaction has a specificity to the pulmonary tuberculosis.

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Double infection or mixed infection with SM sensitive or SM highly resistant bacilli was evoked in mice and the time course of the growth of the bacilli in the organs was investigated.
Experiments: 1. Experiment of crossed reinfection with H37Rv and SM 1, 000γ bacilli and treatment with SM and INH. 2. Experiment of single infection evoked with either H37Rv or SM 1, 000γ bacilli (20 weeks) and treatment with SM. 3. Experiment of reinfection evoked with H37Rv and SM 1, 000γ bacilli (20 weeks) and treatment with SM. 4. Experiment of mixed infection evoked with H37Rv and SM 1, 000γ bacilli (20 weeks) and treatment with SM.
Results: 1. No appreciable change was observed between time course of change of number of bacilli found in the organs of mice infected with SM 1, 000γ bacilli and that with H37Rv except the difference in time of appearance of bacilli in the lungs and that of the manifestation of the effects of SM. 2. In reinfection, SM 1, 000γ bacilli appeared in the organs in the same manner as was observed in case of single infection except the difference in time of appearance in the lungs. 3. In mixed infection, time of appearance of SM 1, 000γ bacilli to the lung was different according to the quantity of injected bacilli. However, time course of change in number of bacilli in the organs was similar to that observed in single infection. 4. In double infection with SM 1, 000γ bacilli, body weight of the animals decreased and then increased except in animals infected with a large quantity of bacilli. In mixed infection, body weight decreased independently on SM treatment in the same manner as was observed in single infection with SM 1, 000γ bacilli. 5. The ratio of the number of SM 1, 000γ bacilli to that of the bacilli found in the organs of mice in this experiment greatly fluctuated. However, it more or less depended on the quantity of bacilli injected and gradually increased after 10 weeks, 6. The heavier the weight of the organ, the larger was the number of bacilli. However, no decisive relation was observed to the extent of lesion in organ. 7. In double or mixed infection, SM 1, 000γ bacilli were not interfered with coexisting H37Rv. They proliferated in the organs in the same manner as was observed in single infection except in case of mixed infection. Then the time course of the fluctuation of body weight was different from those observed in case of SM 1, 000γ bacilli of single infection or mixed infection.

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The present paper is a case report of a boy, aged 4, who complained of an attack of fever, nasal blocking and swelling up of the cheek on the left side. Clinically, it was observed that there was a marked swelling with injection under the left eye, extended from the lachrymal sac area up to the outer corner of the left eye, and the conchal mucous membrane in the left nasal cavity revealed conspicuous polyp-like swelling, blocking the nasal cavity, but the mucous pus like secretion was not found in quantity. By x-ray examination, abnormal shadows of the ethmoidal cavity were distinctly found. Microscopic findings showed that the polyp was covered with epithelium and consisted of edematous connective tissues.

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