本研究では,北海道釧路市を事例として,第一種大規模小売店が営業する昼間と,それらが営業しない時間帯である朝・夜間とでそれぞれ小売商業地を類型化した.昼間において小売商業地は,センターに相当する近代的核心商業地,伝統的核心商業地および近隣商業地と,リボンに相当する近代的リボンおよび伝統的リボンに類型化された.中心商業地の核心部と第一種大規模小売店が立地する地区は,近代的核心商業地に属する.近代的核心商業地を伝統的核心商業地が囲み,近隣商業地はその外側に点在する.一方,近代的リボンは市西部の国道沿いに連担して自動車街を形成し,伝統的リボンは市街地の縁辺部に分布している.次に,朝・夜間において小売商業地は,センターに相当する近代的核心商業地と伝統的核心商業地,リボンおよび生鮮食料品特化商業地に類型化された.近代的核心商業地は中心商業地に集中する.伝統的核心商業地の地区数は非常に多く,朝・夜間で最も卓越する類型である.リボンは市西部の国道沿いに連担しており,生鮮食料品特化商業地は少数のみである.

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本研究では都市キャニオン内における空気循環を定量的にとらえることを目的とし,キャニオン内で放球した小気球のコマ取り撮影による観測を行った.すなわち, 2秒間隔で撮影したネガ上における小気球の直径と位置の測定から小気球の位置の変化量を求め,小気球を流す風速ベクトルを算出した.この方法は器材設置が容易で,市街地街路において有効な観測方法と考えられる.観測によりとらえられたキャニオン横断面内の循環は,キャニオン内の気温分布や表面温度分布が異なってもほぼ同一に認められ,上空の一般風の巻き込みにより生じた機械的循環と考えられる.キャニオン横断面における循環の強さ(渦度)は,キャニオンの走向に直交する一般風の風速成分と正相関を持っている.また,キャニオン上端では下降流が卓越しており,上面から流入した空気がキャニオンの走向方向へ発散している.今回の観測では一般風がキャニオンの走向に対して斜行して吹いており,異なる風向風速の条件下での調査も必要である.

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The objective of this study is to trace in detail the relocation process of households within a metropolitan area. Here relocation is defined, under the methodological perspective, with reference to the life cycle of each household. The empirical data set is based on the results of a questionnaire focusing on married households, which were surveyed in Kawagoe City, Saitama prefecture, in 1990 and 1992.
As the first step, a certain general trend was detected with regard to the frequency and period of each household's residential relocation. It centered around once and/or twice in frequency, concentrating on the “child-bearing” stage. Moreover, it tended to overlap with the period of initial home ownership, and its mobility also showed a tendency for a sudden decline after that period.
Secondly, a correlation was found between the style of ownership and household relocation. The three dominant patterns of house ownership change were as follows: 1) from “rented” to “rented, ” 2) from “rented” to “owner-occupied, ” and 3) from “owner-occupied” to “owner-occupied.” These correspond approximately to the respective changes in the phases of family life. The distance moved showed the maximum within the 20km range. In case 2), however, another peak in frequency was found between 20 and 30km; this may be called “leap-frogging” moving. There was no clear-cut tendency in direction in cases of 1) and 3), which are moves without status change. Case 3), for ownership acquisition, also suggested an underlying tendency in direction.
The residential mobility of each household had a fairly low score in general, except for such limited involuntary factors as a second marriage, the death of a partner and/or a change in job location or of the job itself. This indicates the relative “durability” of the term of home occupancy in the house acquired up to the stage of family expansion or child-rearing. There also exists a sharp distinction between a random move within a certain limited distance and a rather spatially biased one that encompasses a fairly wide area; that is, the former corresponds to moves without a change in ownership status in the pre-child or child-rearing family stage, and the latter to moves at the stage of the first house ownership acquisition. All the findings in this study support the following sequential process: 1) the residential location at the household stage of pre-house ownership works as a robust factor constraining the location of the houses of initial acquisition; and hence 2) the “locus” of initial acquisition constrains the relocation process of household residential behavior after that stage.

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