Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences)
Online ISSN : 1881-7718
Print ISSN : 0484-6710
ISSN-L : 0484-6710
Volume 16, Issue 4
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
  • Article type: Cover
    1972 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages Cover13-
    Published: January 30, 1972
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (29K)
  • Article type: Cover
    1972 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages Cover14-
    Published: January 30, 1972
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (29K)
  • Toshio Suzuki
    Article type: Article
    1972 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 183-188
    Published: January 30, 1972
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Physical exercises and play in Edo Era (1603-1867) were enjoyed by farmers so as to gain spiritual and physical liberation from the harsh productive activity, while Bugei (martial arts) were practiced by the Bushi class. Farmers worked all day; therefore, there was no time for leisure or amusement for them. Physical exercises and play were often carried out by the farmers on the occasion of annual festival. But they were not played so often that they did not become common activities in Edo Era. The main themes of this study were as follows: 1) Farmers, leisure hour and the concept of leisure. 2) Leisure and the Nentyu-Gyozi (annual events). 3) Leisure and play in a farming village. The document on which the most of this research was based upon was the Muramatu's Family Precepts prepared by Hyozaemon Muramatu, a farmer of Kaga Clan.
    Download PDF (580K)
  • Shigehiro Yoshizawa
    Article type: Article
    1972 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 189-196
    Published: January 30, 1972
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    192 males and 173 females, aged from 9 to 18 years, living in mountainous farm villages were subjected to the allometric analysis of their physical working capacities. The purpose of this study was to find out in what power the various physical parameters should develop with y = a X h^b the basic linear dimension of the body height. The functional formula used for this analysis was y = a x h^b, in which y represents the estimated values of parameters and h is body height, and a and b are constants, and in the last, b might be considered to be the coefficient of physical growth and development. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Body height and chest circumference increased nearly proportionally to the theoretical value of b; 2) Vital capacity increased with theoretical value (b = 3) for males, but females showed smaller value than the theoretical one, that was 2.618. This implied that, in spite of the static and anatomical measurement, the vital capacity for females was more influenced by the respiratory muscle strength. 3) Muscle strengths in finger flexors and knee extensors developed far greater than the theoretical value (b = 2) and males exceeded females consistently in all groups of muscle strengths; 4) In comparing right with left, finger flexors and elbow flexors, except in the case of male's finger flexors, showed that right is superior to left. This seemed to be due to the differences in the frequency of using in daily life. It was substantiated by the fact that no difference was found in knee extensors; 5) Pulmonary ventilation V_E in the maximal effort increased with the 2.207 power of height for males and the 1.399 power for females, and the difference between the sexes was larger than that in the case of vital capacity; 6) Maximal oxygen uptake (V^^.o_2max) increased with the 2.872 power of height for males and the 2.420 power for females, and the values of the present study were identical with Asmussen's ones for the sexes; 7) No difference was found between the younger and the older groups in body height for each body height group for males, but, in such functional parameters as muscle strength and maximal oxygen uptake, significant differences were found, and in the age-wise the difference in maximal oxygen up-take for 150-160 cm. body height group was significant and showed the essential development of aerobic work capacity
    Download PDF (722K)
  • Kazuo Asahina, Katsumi Asano, Katsuhiko Kusano, Kouya Nakagawa, Hirosh ...
    Article type: Article
    1972 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 197-213
    Published: January 30, 1972
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It was the purpose of this study to present the maximal aerobic work capacity of adlescents in urban district (Tokyo) in comparison with that of rural adolescents. The subjects, 175 males (9-22 yrs.) and 188 females (9-20 yrs.), were healthy but not specially trained. Maximal oxygen intake (V^^.O_2 max) was determined by the ground running method; running for one minute to exhaustion following 200-600 meters jogging at the speed of 3.0-3.4 m/sec. 1) In male V^^.0_2 max remarkably increased with age up to 20 yrs. to the plateau value of about 3.5 l/min, and in female it increased with age up to 15 yrs. To the peak value of 2.0l/min, which then tended to decrease slightly. V^^.O_2 max in female adults (over 2O yrs.) was about 60% of that of male adults. V^^.O_2 max was acceleratedly increased at the ages of 9-13yrs. in female and 12-16 yrs. in male. Namely the acceleration of V^^.O_2 max appeared about three years earlier in female than in male. During the acceleration period of four years, V^^.O_2 max increased 1.0 l/min in male and 0.5 l/min in female. 2) V^^.O_2 max/kg bodyweight increased with age in 11-l6 yrs. male subjects, reaching the plateau value of 56.6ml at the age of 16yrs. In female, it decreased with age from 10 to 19yrs., namely from 44.2-36.0ml to 36.0 ml, which is about 70% of that of male adults. 3) Correlation between V^^.O_2 max and body weight was highly significant in male groups of 10-13 yrs., and in female groups of 13-15 yrs. The body of these ages may probably be considered as a fat-free body mass. Correlation between V^^.O_2 max and maximal running distance was quite high in 9-22 yrs. male subjects (r = 0.777 ; P<0.001) and low in female subjects. 4) In female subjects older than l4 yrs, V^^.O_2 max was 10 to 20% higher in rural district (Utsunomiya, by Yoshizawa) than in urban district (Tokyo and Nagoya, by Matsui). In male subjects of 10-15 yrs. and in female subjects of 10-17 yrs., V^^.O_2 max/kg was 7-10% and 9-20% higher respectively in rural district (Utsunomiya, by Yoshizawa) than in urban district (Tokyo). Moreover, in males of 12-15 yrs. and in females of 12-16 yrs, V^^.O_2 max/kg was 7-18% and 11-18% higher in rural than in urban district (Nagoya, by Matsui).
    Download PDF (1552K)
  • Akira Horii, Michio Ikai
    Article type: Article
    1972 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 215-222
    Published: January 30, 1972
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Many investigations have been made on the physical work capacity with respect to the respire-circulatory functions. It is no doubt that the total amount of hemoglobin (THb) is one of the most fundamental factors concerned with the aerobic work capacity. The THb was determined by applying the Alveolar Carbonmonoxide Method modified by Sjostrand (1948). The measurement of the Vo_2 max was made during exhaustive treadmill running, in which the speed was progressively increased. The endurance running time to exhaustion on a treadmill was measured. The results were as follows: 1) The average THb value of the athletes in male (827±111g) was significantly higher than that of the non-athletes (711±84g). 2) The average THb value of the athletes in female (632±29g) was significantly higher than that of the non-athletes (462±74g). 3) The THb per weight of athletes for men (14.2±1.5g/kg) was significantly higher than that of the non-athletes (11.6±1.1g/kg). 4) The THb per weight of athletes for women (10.9±0.1g/kg) was significantly higher than that of the non-athletes (8.3±0.3 g/ kg). 5) A correlation coefficient for the relation between the THb per weight and the endurance running time was found to be r=0.785 (p<0.001). 6) The THb was found to be highly correlated to the maximum cardiac output with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.711 (p<0.001). 7) The THb was significantly related to the maximum oxygen intake (r=0.895, p<0.001), the regression equation of the maximum oxygen intake (Y) on the THb (X) was Y = 0.005X - 0.447. From the present investigation the total amount of hemoglobin (THb) was found to be a fundamental factor concerned with maximum oxygen intake and an important factor contributing to the human aerobic work capacity.
    Download PDF (677K)
  • Kiyonori Kawahatsu, Michio Ikai
    Article type: Article
    1972 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 223-232
    Published: January 30, 1972
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The characteristic relation between force and velocity was studied by isotonic lever-pulley system against the different load in human leg extensor muscle. The velocity of the lower leg extension was calculated from angular velocity by the electrogoniometer and the force was measured with straingauge tensiometer. The results were as follows: 1.As the velocity of the lower leg extension decreased with the increase of load, the force-velocity relation was presented by a hyperbolic curve as shown in the arm flexor. 2.This relation was fitted to Hill's equation except a range of the maximum velocity in adult females. 3.The mechanical power calculated from the force-velocity relation showed the maximum at approximately 30-40% of the maximum strength and at 29-36% of the maximum velocity. 4.The maximum velocity was 4.30 m/sec for adult males and 4.22 m/sec for adult females in average. The maximum strength was 67.8kg for males and 42.4kg for females. The maximum mechanical power was 41.7kgm/sec for males and 22.6kgm/sec for females. 5.The force-velocity relation in athletes showed specific pattern, that is to say, the curve for sprinter showed further higher pattern than that for middle and long distance runners. In the football player, goalkeeper showed also higher curve than the field players.
    Download PDF (860K)
  • Kanji Shibukawa, Kaoru Takamatsu, Shinichi Saito, Shinkichi Ogawa
    Article type: Article
    1972 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 233-239
    Published: January 30, 1972
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The human output power which is required to overcome any external resistance in motion is only a fraction of the rate of the internally produced energy. In pedaling the bicycle ergometre (MONARK), the frictional resistance F (kg), the speed V (m/s), and the oxygen consumption (l/min) were measured. The oxygen consumption (l/min) can be converted by conventional method into the rate of heat energy production (kcal/min) and, furthermore, into the power P (kg・m/s) which produced in human body in motion. In order to eliminate the random errors involved in measurements and to derive an overall tendency from a small number of test data, the investigators set up an empirical formula for P from the whole experimental data, that was, P = P_0 + KFV + (A + BF + CF^2)V^2 in which F, V and P were measured and P_0 , K, A, B and C were calculated by the least square method. The output power is the product of F and V. Therefore, the efficiency ηof power transfer may be deduced as following;η = (FV)/(P_0 + KFV + (A + BF + CF^2)V^2). Although the number of our subjects was only two, the maximum efficiency in pedaling a bicycle ergometre was about 21%.
    Download PDF (465K)
  • Yoshiro Hatano, Kan-ichi Nishio, Noboru Ishikawa, Makoto Nakamura, Jir ...
    Article type: Article
    1972 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 241-251
    Published: January 30, 1972
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to find the current status of service course physical education in colleges and universities in the United States, including whether required for graduation, significant trends ,major objectives, activities provided for students, evaluation, staff and current problems, a questionnaire was sent to the chairmen of physical education departments of 333 colleges and universities in the United States in February, 1971. Upon collection of the returned questionnaire which amounted to 105, variety of contents were analyzed and certain phenomena were pointed out, including as follows: 1. A strong pressure to delete physical education from graduation requirement exists among colleges and universities, though statistically a quarter of these have been forced to do so already, and instead, elective programs are provided. Only 12 per cent of students take such elective course. 2. While students prefer recreation oriented sports when selecting activities for physical education classes, carry over values and fitness/health promotion are two outstanding objectives of physical education. 3. Physical education activity instructors are expected to be fine educators of variety of sports skills rather than researchers and super-athletes.
    Download PDF (763K)
  • Article type: Appendix
    1972 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages App7-
    Published: January 30, 1972
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (16K)
  • Article type: Cover
    1972 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages Cover15-
    Published: January 30, 1972
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (27K)
  • Article type: Cover
    1972 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages Cover16-
    Published: January 30, 1972
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (27K)
feedback
Top