The training effect which can be explained through the functions of the norvous system is easily seen in the autonomic nervous system, that is, the phenomenon of vagotonia against heart. By electrocardiogram, the prolongation of PQ-interval is observed, and then bradicardia, while the hypertrophy of heart muscles comes later than expected. When vagotonia becomes stronger, even morbid phenomena will appear, which is shown in experiments on animals. Training effects in exercise as viewed from nervous systen are more important in terms of dexterity or skill than in terms of power. As the basis for posture, concerning joints, Sherrington et al. took up the stretch reflex of the proprioceptive sense organ in the museles in the direction of the length of the muscles, and, for the flexibility of joint movement, reciprocal innervation where the tonus of antagonistic muscles changes alternately, and verified the spinal reflex's integrative action of nervous system. Magnus et al. proved the importance of neck reflex to posture. Modern physiology tried to clarify reflexes by means of ENG employing intracellular electrodes, discovered the postsynaptic potentials by presynaptic stimulation and elucidated the feed back control of efferent and afferent nerves in muscle spindles. As spinal reflexes of muscles have been made clear, studies must be extended to higher nervous system, cerebral cortex. In sports and physical exercise, skill by training is necessary. Body movement can be flexible when done by well-programmed reflexes, but man must be creative, and new forms of movement will be born here. This programmer is a cerebral cortex. Some programs may be incompatible with reflexes, but training can make them reflexive and give rise to beautiful forms. Examples are shown. The application of electroencephalograph to sports physiology is still in its infancy, but we have succeeded in electroencephalographical experiments, by using a radio-telemeter, made on the subjects who are taking exercise and training effects are being made clear as changes in the brain wave.

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During pre-adolescence, the proportion of the body continuously changes because of the different rates of growth in different parts. The purpose of this study was to classify the growth patterns by the relative growth of height and body-weight. The materials used for this study were the longitudinal data in 61 boys ranging from 6 to 14 years old, taken in 1952〜60. The method was as follows; nine age points from 6 to 14 years old were plotted for every boy by the longitudinal data of the height and body-weight on the graph, in which the body-weight was represented on the vertical axis and the height on the horizontal one in logarithms, respectively. Some proper straight lines of allometry were drawn by passing through more than three age points on the individual graph. According to the number of phase and slope (a), the growth patterns were classified into 7 patterns (designated as pattern II-A, II-B, III-A, III-B, III-C, III-D, and IV). The equation of average allometry for each pattern was computed from the "reduced major axis" on a double logarithmic diagram. The use of this "reduced major axis" had been adovocated by Kermack and Haldane (1950). The discrimination between "monophasic allometry" and "polyphasic allometry" was based on application of the significance test for the difference of slopes and positions between the reduced major axes of different growth stages. The results obtained were as follows; 1) The boys who belonged to uniphasic pattern (a=2.527576) throughout the growing period from 6 to 14 years old were 3.45%. 2) The boys who belonged to diphasic pattern (a_1=2.112577, a_2=3.011993), for which the critical point was assumed at 135.7cm in height and 28.7kg in body-weight, were 72.41%. Moreover, the boys who belonged to diphasic pattern (a_1=2.539060, a_2=2.855534), for which the critical point was not assumed, were 6.9%. 3) The boys who belonged to triphasic pattern (a_1=2.458681, a_2=2.016009, a_3=2.960105), for which the critical point was assumed both at 126.5cm in height and 24.5kg in bodyweight and at 134.2cm and 27.7kg, respectively, were 17.24%.

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In this study the present writer surveyed the dysfunction of sports to the reinforcement of social norms and values and observed its background. In one of the leading newspaper in Japan (The Asahi Shinbun) were revealed 670 cases of the dysfunctioning conducts against the reinforcement of social norms and values in the period from January, 1947 to June, 1974. These cases were divided into two situations: i.e. in the scenes of sport activities and in those of the daily lives. And those accused were classified into three groups, which were player(s) (including former players), sport organization(s) and member(s) of a club or a society. As the results of an analysis followings were clarified. 1. The dysfunctioning conducts, which seemed to be revealed as the result of sport activities, appeared more often in the scenes of daily lives than in those of sport activities. This fact shows that the expected qualities and the inherent possibilities of sports are not necessarily fully accomplished as the results of sport experiences. 2. The above results are seemed to be derived mainly from the win-oriented tendencies which are based on the contemporary economic and social wealth. Also, the present writer pointed out some unsolved problems which come to the surface when comparison is made between those background facts and the findings in the survey.

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The purposes of this study were to clarify the relationships between the experiences in physical activity and the morphological growth, the functional and the personality development. The materials used were the data of 374 excellent athletes on the third grade (17th year) of senior high school boys in Kyushu District. Test and measurement were administered during October through December in 1970. Following results were obtained. 1. The athletes who started their physical exercises at the ages of 8〜11 and had continued their experiences for 7〜10 years showed superior growth and development in a) body weight, chest circumference, forearm circumference, calf circumference, chest depth, etc., and b) grip strength and back strength to those who started around 14 and had continued for about 4 years. 2. However, the former was inferior in the development of 50m. dash, 1,500m endurance run, running broad jump, and side step test to the latter. 3. In the personality test (the Yatabe-Guilford Personality Test), the former showed greater depression and inferiority feeling, lesser ascendency, and social introversion.

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