Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences)
Online ISSN : 1881-7718
Print ISSN : 0484-6710
ISSN-L : 0484-6710
Volume 28, Issue 3
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
  • Article type: Cover
    1983 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages Cover9-
    Published: December 01, 1983
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Article type: Cover
    1983 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages Cover10-
    Published: December 01, 1983
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (33K)
  • Article type: Appendix
    1983 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages App5-
    Published: December 01, 1983
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Shuichi Nose
    Article type: Article
    1983 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 177-183
    Published: December 01, 1983
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The Japanese Government of Meiji era sent Shuji Izawa and two other officials to the United States, in July, 1875, for the search of then American normal school system. Izawa entered Bridgewater State Normal School, Massachusetts in September, and graduated from it after his three years study in 1877, and came back to Japan in May, 1878. Izawa published "Report on the Merits of Newly Established Gymnastics" in September, 1879. This study aims at to make a historical review on the process how Japan selected the light gymnastics considering the connections of the Bridgewater Normal School's gymnastics and Izawa's Newly Established Gymnastics Merit Report. Albert G. Boyden, principal of Bridgewater Normal School, introduced the new gymnastics originated by Dio Lewis in 1860. According to the school archives dated to bach in February,1861, the favorable effects of the new gymnastics were highly evaluated. It records that the Lewis' new gymnastics had been continued until 1890, the time later when a regular series of Swedish gymnastics replaced the Lewis'. The Lewis' new gymnastics had been generally adopted since 1860, not only in Boston but in many schools all over the United States. In September, 1878, G. A. Leland, who was a graduate of the Amherst College and later became a gymnastics instructor, came to be employed by the Ministry of Education of Japan, to teach the Lewis' new gymnastics at Tokyo Women's Normal School, Tokyo Normal School and National Institute of Gymnastics. Shuji Izawa, in his report, estimated the effects of G.A. Leland's instruction by means of the anthropometric measurements, recommended the Lewis' new gymnastics to Japanese schools. His opinion was adopted in Newly Selected Gymnastics published by National Institute of Gymnastics in 1882. The book contains calisthenics, free gymnastics and light gymnastics with dumb bells, Indian clubs, wands, and other tools. It appears highly worthy to note that this selection of light gymnastics played an important and decisive role for the future direction in Japanese modern school gymnastics. According to Izawa's personal history, he graduated from the Bridgewater State Normal School in 1877, finishing its whole course of study, and this means that he learned Dio Lewis' new gymnastics during his school days. It may be concluded that Izawa had put a great emphasis on selecting light gymnastics in Japan since he himself had learned it and recognized its merits during the time when there was an increasing tendency toward the Lewis' new gymnastics in the United States at the right moment, for him. It seems that Izawa was so much moved and influenced by this tendency in the United States in his recommendation of the Lewis' new gymnastics in Japan.
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  • Tsuneo Sogawa
    Article type: Article
    1983 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 185-197
    Published: December 01, 1983
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Shigehiro Yoshizawa, Tadatoshi Ishizaki, Hiroko Honda
    Article type: Article
    1983 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 199-214
    Published: December 01, 1983
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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    Aerobic work capacities of rural children and adolescents, aged from 4 to 18 years, were determined. The whole number of subjects were 679 (368 boys and 311 girls respectively). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2 max.) and the performance of 5 minute run were measured by means of track run. The fol1owing results were obtained; 1) Absolute values of VO_2 max. increased almost linearly from 0.7921/min at 4 years of age to 2.062 l/min at 13 years of age for the boys. The corresponding increment for girls was from 0.7661/min to 1.982 1/min. During the course of such years boys were significantly superior to girls up to 9 years of age. No significant differences were found for the ages from l0 to 13 years. After 13 years of age boys showed sharp increase up to age 15 years to attain 3.0 l/min and then reached plateau. On the other hand girls showed only slight increase, that is, they exhibited the state of plateau after 13 years of age. 2) At all the ages relative values of VO_2 max. in terms of body weight were significantly greater for boys. This confirms that sex differences in aerobic work capacity already exist even in small children. 3) The performance of endurance run is expected to relate thoretically with the relative value of VO_2 max. in terms of body weight. The observed performance of 5 minute run, in fact. was significantly higher for the boys at all the ages. The performance of the boys gradually increased up to age 15 years (the distance covered was 1343 m), Where the relative value of VO_2 max. also reached the highest peak of 58.3 ml/kg/min, and dfter 15 years of age a state of plateau appeared. For the girls the distance covered in 5 minutes run gradually increased and reached the value of 1138m, where the relative value of VO_2 max. showed the second peak of 48.4 ml/kg/min and after that, quite different from the boys, the performance gradually decreased with advance in age. 4) According to the formula of allometry ; y=b.x^a, the three phases were found in the relationship between body height (h ; cm) and the absolute value of VO_2 max. (y ; l/min) for both sexes. The formulae, intervening the two critical points, were expressed as follows; for boys y = 3.0444×10^-5×h^2.2003 (132.8 cm,1.225 l/min) y=4.7022×10^-7×h^3.0658 (167.4 cm, 3.088 l/min) y =1.4935×10^2×h^1.0413 for girls y = 1.0700×10^-4×h^1.9250 (117.4 cm, l.026 l/min) y=5.0316×10^-7×h^3.0369 (149.8 cm, 2. 033 l/min) y =2.5276×10^-3×h^1.3333 The values ofα in each corresponding phase were almost the same in the both sexes. 5) In the relationship between body height(h ; cm) and the 5 minute run (y ; m) the two phases were found also for both sexes. For boys y=4.8867×h^1.1052 (155.4 cm, 1,296 m) y=2.3508×10^2×h^0.3384 for girls y = 4.1191×h^1.1194 (144.7 cm, 1,080 m) y=1.0832×10×h^0.0007 The values of α in each corresponding phase were also almost the same in the both sexes.
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  • Akihiko Ishihara, Shigeru Katsuta, Tatsumori Fujita
    Article type: Article
    1983 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 215-225
    Published: December 01, 1983
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to investigate the effects of endurance training on histochemical properties of nerve cell and muscle fibre, Wistar strain male albino rats, 35 days of age, were trained by treadmill running and examined histochemically after the training. The training group, in addition to being in activity cages which have a freely rotating drum, was forced to run on a treadmill at a speed of 25 m/min. for 40min. during 28 consecutive days, while the control group was permitted no exercise other than that allowed in their individual cages. After the training, the tibialis anterior (TA),extensor digitorum longus (EDL),soleus,plantaris, and gastrocnemius muscles, and the lumbosacral cord, identified by its root, were removed under ether anesthesia. Then serial freezing sections from these muscles were made and stained for succinate dehydrogenase ( S D H) and ATPase. The muscle fibres were classified into three types : FG (ATPase-rich & SDH-poor), FOG (both ATPase & SDH-rich), and SO (SDH-rich & ATPase-poor). Samples of the spinal cord were stained alternatively for phosphorylase and SDH, and the anterior horn neurons were classified: F(phosphorylase-rich & SDH-poor), R(both phosphprylase & SDH-rich), and S (SDH-rich & phosphorylase-poor). The results were summarized as follows : 1. After the training, the rate of FG fibre decreased and that of FOG fibre increased significantly at superficial regions of the TA muscle in the training group, and that of FG fibre decreased similarly at deep and middle regions of the gastrocnemius muscle. 2. The ratio among the number of three types in the small( <25μm) and medium (25-45μm) neurons showed no difference between the training and control groups. In the large (>45μm) neurons, the rate of F type decreased and that of R type increased significantly in the training group as compared with the control group. These observations suggest that transformation of muscle fibre type, i. e., FG to FOG, induced by forced and voluntary running exercise is attributed to the increase of oxidative capacity in the fast twitch alpha motor units.
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  • Tatsuya Kasai
    Article type: Article
    1983 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 227-236
    Published: December 01, 1983
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The electromyographic reaction time (EMG-RT) of biceps brachii muscle as an indicator of initiation of rapid forearm movement is reportedly different between flexion(F) and the supination (S), the EMG-RT of S being faster than that of F on both hands. Moreover, the EMG-RT difference between. F and S. (DFS) is considered to reflect the motor control system. The study undertaken here measured EMG-RTs of F and S among athletes of 12 different events which may or may not involue usage of their upper limbs (tennis, runnirig, soccer, fencing, table tennis, badminton, kendo, volleyball, gymnastics, shot put, discuss throw and javelin throw; 191 right handed subjects, 159 males and 32 females), and investigated the differences in the motor control systems between these sporting events. All subjects were asked to perform bilateral F and S responses by both forearms simultaneously to a peep sound as fast as possible. From results of different DFS_S, six sporting events (kendo, discuss throw, javelin throw, tennis, shot put and table tennis) were examined in EMG activities of both upper limbs in the movement specialities of these sporting events. Obtained results may be summaried as follows : 1. The DFS_S of' preferred hand were different among twelve sporting events but those of nonpreferred hand were not. 2: Twelve sporting events were possibly classified into three types. The first group was the type in which significantly dif'ferent DFS_s on the preferred hand was observed but not on the non-preferred hand (running, soccer, fencing, table tennis, badminton, volleyball and gymnastics). The second group was the type in which significantly different DFS_s was observed not only in the preferred hand but also in the non-preferred hand (tennis and shot put). The third group was the type in which no significantly different DFS_s was observed in both hands (kendo, discuss throw and javelin throw). 3. From EMG analyses of both upper limbs' movement specialities, specific EMG activities were observed in respective three types. From these results, presence of different motor control systems among 12 sporting events were suspected. The reasons of such different motor control systems were examined on the viewpoint of differential effects depending on motor learning of each sporting event and were discussed on the viewpoint of neuropsychological and motor behavioral mechanisms.
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  • Masanobu Ito
    Article type: Article
    1983 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 237-250
    Published: December 01, 1983
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The effect of the number of reinforcements on the short-term retention of isometric force information was investigated on two types of coding strategies, i.e., kinesthetic imaginal coding strategy (KC) and elaborative coding strategy(EC). The number of reinforcement was either l (R_1), 8(R_8), or 15 (R_15) on each of two coding strategies in Experiment l and either 15(R_15) or 60(R_60) on KC strategy in Experiment 2. The dependent variables were the absolute error (AE) and the constant error (CE) made by subjects in attempting to reproduce a criterion force during immediate (5sec.) and delayed (30 and 60sec.) recall trials. The criterion force was 15 kg in Experiment 1 and 7 kg in Experiment 2. The retention intervals were filled with the counting-backwards task. The results are summarised as follows: 1) In KC strategy, the main effect of reinforcements wan no significant for both the AE and CE analyses, while the AE significantly increased over the filled retention intervals and the CE was shifted in the positive direction over time in Experiment l. It was found, however, that the recall performance of R_60 was significantly superior to that of R_15 for both the AE and CE in delayed recall tests and that the CE moved significantly in the positive direction over time for R_15 but not for R_60 in Experiment 2. 2) In EC strategy, the main effect of reinforcements was significant for only AE analysis. The results showed that the performance of R_15 was significantly superior to that of R_1 in delayed recall tests, and that there was forgetting over time in R_1, while there was no forgetting in R_15. It was also found that the subjects of R_1 could not attain elaboration within a reinforcement trial in spite of the experimental condition. In addition, the results of post analyses revealed that the subjects of R_8 were classified into two subgroups, one which could attain elaboration and the other which could not attain elaboration, and that the former subgroup was similar to R_15 on the recall performance curve, while the latter was similar to R_1. These findings suggest that KC strategy is different from EC strategy in the retention characteristics of force information and that the recall accuracy of KC strategy is a positive function of the number of reinforcements where their range is sufficiently large, while that of EC strategy depends upon whether the elaboration can be attained or not within some reinforcement trials.
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  • Man Won, Yoshiyuki Matsuura
    Article type: Article
    1983 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 251-260
    Published: December 01, 1983
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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    Twelve years of longitudinal data of standing height; ages from 6 to 17 years of Korean urban and rural schoolchildren (617 boys, 688 girls) who were born in 1963 were grouped according to their peak height velocity ages (PHV age) into 11 groups for boys and 8 groups for girls. Grand mean velocity and group mean velocity for each PHV age group were calculated. The velocity curves estimated from grand mean velocity were compared against those from group mean velocities, and patterns of group mean velocity curves were classified in terms of the characteristic of occurance of peak height velocity and the time difference between the onset of adolescent growth spurt and peak height velocity. General differences in patterns between grand mean velocity and group mean velocity curves were found in the following points; 1) amount of peak height velocity, 2) time difference between the onset of adolescent growth spurt and the occurance of peak height velocity, 3) appearance of double peaks in height velocity. Group mean velocity curves were classified into two patterns which were characterized by single peaked height velocity and double peaked height velocity, and four different patterns according to the time difference between the onset of adolescent growth spurt and the occurance of peak height velocity. It wad confirmed that the earlier occurnnce of peak height velocity is associated with a larger magnitude of the peak height gain and the amount of ado1escent growth spurt.
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1983 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 261-263
    Published: December 01, 1983
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1983 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages App6-
    Published: December 01, 1983
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (35K)
  • Article type: Cover
    1983 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages Cover11-
    Published: December 01, 1983
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (45K)
  • Article type: Cover
    1983 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages Cover12-
    Published: December 01, 1983
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (45K)
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