Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences)
Online ISSN : 1881-7718
Print ISSN : 0484-6710
ISSN-L : 0484-6710
Volume 32, Issue 3
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
  • Article type: Cover
    1987 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages Cover9-
    Published: December 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Article type: Cover
    1987 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages Cover10-
    Published: December 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (23K)
  • Article type: Appendix
    1987 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages App5-
    Published: December 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Hideaki Kinoshita
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 151-156
    Published: December 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In 1876 William Smith Clark, the president of Massachusetts Agricultural College (MAC), visited Japan with William Wheeler and David P. Penhallow in order to direct the establishment of Sapporo Agricultural School (SAS) modelling after MAC where military drill was required by Morrill Act. Military drill in SAS, however, was not actualized until 1878. After Clark left SAS in 1877, Wheeler succeeded him and established the course of military sciences and Enbujo, which means drill hall (no/designated as a national important cultural property), in 1878. As no drill hall ever existed in Japan in the 19th century, drill hall of MAC is supposed to be the model of Enbujo. However, relations between two drill halls are not examined yet. The purpose of the present paper is to elucidate the fact that Enbujo modelled on the drill hall of MAC. According to a folder preserved in the University of Massachusetts, the first drill hall is indicated to be built in 1883, so there must be a older drill hall Which acted as the model of Enbujo. After identifying the original drill hall of MAC built in 1869, special features of original one and Enbujo were compared. The original drill hall (50 ft. by 97 ft. ) of MAC was on the third floor of the chemical laboratory enlarged in 1869, i.e., nine years prior to building Enbujo. However, the use for military drill ceased in the year Enbujo was built, because the structure of building was too weak for that purpose. In 1883 MAC erected a new building for the use of military drill exclusively. Wheeler's original plan of Enbujo was, like the new drill hall of MAC, a single story building for military drill only. He probably drew a lesson from the experience of MAC, but actually Enbujo was very similar to the chemical laboratory of MAC itself. The lesson was taken in ways of making the scale of the upper floor of Enbujo smaller (40 ft. by 84 ft.) and making the structure solider than the original drill hall of MAC. Although the floor area of Enbujo was smaller, the ratio of the area to the number of students was higher than that of the original one of MAC. It may be concluded that the model of Enbujo was the chemical laboratory of MAC enlarged in 1869 and that Clark et al. tried not only to bring the educational system and spirit of MAC to Sapporo together with agricultural technology but also to realize almost the same type of agricultural school as MAC including its drill hall.
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  • Kazuo Oishi, Takaki Seita, Hiroshi Yoshigi
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 157-165
    Published: December 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of the present study was to investigate the factors which were expected to have some relations to the differences between back strength measurements obtained by using spring and strain gauge installed dynamometers. Several mechanical properties of both types of dynamometer, differences between measurements of the dynamometers, and optimum incline angle of upper body to gain the maximum back strength were examined respectively. The results obtained here were as follows: 1) Though there was a slight delay on the peak of the measurement of spring dynamometer, there were no factors which influenced to the measurements under conditions using carefully calibrated dynamometers. 2) No difference between two measurements was obtained for low strength subject group (&lt110kg). Meanwhile, for high strength group (≧110kg), measurements of spring dynamometer took larger values than those of strain gauge dynamometer. And larger strength subject tended to take larger difference of the measurements. 3) Maximum back strength measurement was obtained at 30 degrees of upper body incline angle when the spring dynamometer was used. On the other hand, 20 degrees for the strain gauge dynamometer was obtained. 4) From the consideration of the above results, it was concluded that the upper body should be set to different incline angles to measure the maximum value when the different types of dynamometer are used.
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  • Keiji Yamaji, Yasuyuki Yokoyama
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 167-179
    Published: December 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of the present short review was to evaluate the relationship between the percent increase in Vo_2max (% Vo_2max) and intensity, duration, frequency, period of training, the initial fitness level (Vo_2max) and age, as a reexamination of various studies on different populations with different protocols regarding endurance training. Close connection was recognized between the magnitude of improving Vo_2max and the duration and period of training in male and the frequency of training in female. More important factors found to improve Vo_2max were initial fitness levels of the individuals in male and female, i. e., one with lower initial scores showed a greater percent increase. Furthermore, the present study had shown that minimum training thresholds for improving Vo_2max were 40-50% Vo_2max for intensity, 20-30min/session for duration, 2-3 sessions/wk for frequency and several weeks for period of training.
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  • Takashi Abe, Terufumi Sakamoto, Toshio Asami, Tokuhiko Higashi, Koichi ...
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 181-185
    Published: December 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to examine the effects of exercise training on cholesterol metabolism of arterial wall, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a sedentary control (n=35) or an exercise group (n=28). The exercise consisted of tradmill running 60 min/day for 5 weeks. After 5 weeks, the rats were injected 2μCi of C-mevalonate per 100g b.w. into peritoneal cavities, and the incorporation of radioactivity into cholesterol of arterial wall was exaimined at various times after the injection. The exercised rats showed a significantly lower of total cholesterol in aortic tissue than did the controls. The incorporation of mevalonate into aorta cholesterol in the exercise trained rats was significantly higher compared with those of the sedentary control group. Since serum lipoprotein uptake in rat arterial wall was increased by exercise training, the decrease in aota cholesterol level observed following exercise seems to be caused by rapid catabolism of cholesterol in the aortic cell.
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  • Shuichi Okada, Komei Ikuta, Satoru Kawai, Hiroshi Kinoshita, Eizo Kuro ...
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 187-197
    Published: December 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of the study was to investigate the characteristics of extensor and flexor muscles in lean body type boys of early and late developmental stages. Twelve elementary school boys (mean age=10.3 yrs.) and 12 middle school boys (mean age=13.7 yrs.) served as subjects of the study. Basing upon the norm provided by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare, lean and standard body type groups at each of the age levels were formed with equal number of subjects (n = 6). Surface EMG was recorded from major extensors and flexors of the elbow and knee joints during isometric contraction at various effort levels of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Parameters examined were MVC, IEMG and the median frequency of the power spectra from FFT (fast fourier transformation) analysis of the EMG data. It was found that the MVC values were similar in both body type groups at the younger age level, however, those of older boys were significantly different. The analysis of EMG data revealed that the lean body type boys at the older age level had significantly lower median frequency than that of standard body type boys. Additionally the IEMG values in extensors of lean body type boys at the older age level were significantly higher than those of standard body type boys. Such differences were not revealed in the younger boys. These results would suggest that the excessive leanness of body in boys at early developmental stage could influence the muscular development in their later years.
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  • Akifumi Matsuo, Tetsuo Fukunaga, Keizo Yamamoto
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 199-205
    Published: December 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study was to calculate the ratios between energy consumption and the following two variables; mechanical power exerted to the oar and to the boat shell. A third ratio between mechanical power exerted to the oar and the mechanical power exerted to the boat shell was also calculated. The subjects of the study were 64 male oarsmen; 8 crews of eight, (mean performance 6'20" ranged from 6'04" to 6'35") including a Japanese champion crew in 1985. The energy consumption (EC) and mechanical power exerted to oar by oarsman (P_o) were measured using n rowing tank in which water was circulated at 3.2m・s^&lt-1&gt by motor driven pump. The subject were requested to row for 6 minutes with maximum effort in the rowing tank. EC was estimated by averaging the Vo_2 during 4 minutes to 6 minutes period from the beginning of the rowing exercise. P_o was calculated from the force applied to the oarlock pin and its angular displacement in all strokes during 6 minutes of maximum effort rowing. The progressive power of the shell (P_s) was estimated from the mean velocity of the boat over 2,000 meters and the total boat mass including all oarsmen, coxswain, and rowing apparatus using a equation introduced by Secher and Vaage (1980). EC, F_o, and P_s of a crew were obtained by averaging the values of 8 oarsmen in EC, P_o, P_s, respectively. Performance time was related significantly to the following ratios, P_s/P_o, P_s/EC, and P_o/EC. From these results, it was suggested that the better skilled crews are consisted of those individuals with similar rowing patterns, and are able to better transfer the force exerted to the oar by the oarsmen to the shell. A crew with a higher mechanical efficiency will obtain a more successful performance,and those ratios reflect as the important factors on successful rowing performance.
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1987 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 207-208
    Published: December 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1987 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 209-
    Published: December 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (113K)
  • Article type: Cover
    1987 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages Cover11-
    Published: December 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (28K)
  • Article type: Cover
    1987 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages Cover12-
    Published: December 01, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (28K)
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