Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) induces IL-1 production from macrophages/monocytes of various species. Susceptibility of the mouse strains to TSST-1 is parallel to the IL-1 production. IL-1 has multibiological activities for T cells, hepatocytes, neutrophils, fibroblasts and other cells, resulting in induction of acute phase responses. PI 5 IL-1 (IL-1 alpha) and PI 7 (IL-1 beta) are cloned in both the human and the mouse cases (1_??_3). The recombinant IL-1's confirm the multiple biological properties of the purified IL-1 including fever. IFN-alpha is also an endogenous pyrogen. Recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF) possesses almost the same biological function of IL-1. However, TNF induces IL-1 production from human mononuclear cells while IL-1 production by IL-1 itself has never been reported, yet. Differently from IL-1, TNF does not augment T cell proliferation. Although TSST-1 induces only IL-1, endotoxin stimulates both IL-1 and TNF production. A quantitative relationship among these endogenous pyrogens remains unsolved in each disease.
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