心理学研究
Online ISSN : 1884-1082
Print ISSN : 0021-5236
ISSN-L : 0021-5236
37 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の7件中1~7を表示しています
  • 半円型装置における行動の諸相 (9)
    石原 静子
    1966 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 1-10
    発行日: 1966/04/10
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    When reinforcements were presented after or between nonreinforcements, an induction phenomenon, i.e. the decrement of behavior variability and facilitation of running response in rats were found in the previous experiments with a semicircular maze. The present experiment was designed to examine the processes of growth and decay of the induction phenomenon by varing the number of extinction trials and the time elapsed after extinction.
    After 140 reinforced trials (20 trials per day for 7 days), 6 groups of 12 rats were given 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 60 extinction trials, respectively. Immediately after extinction, they were run 20 reinforced trials (reconditioning period) except the last group which was given the same procedure after a 23hr rest period.
    The results obtained during the reconditioning period were:
    1) With increasing number of extinction trials, decrease of behavior variability (in four measures) and facilitation of running time were found in 5 groups which were given the reconditioning period immediately after extinction. The analysis of variance of the data showed that the group difference was significant in each of above 5 measures. The t-test with Ryan's correction yielded significant differences between the 0 trial group and the other 4 groups on variability and running time scores. Significant differences were also found between 10 trials group and 20, 40 and 60 trials on variability scores. However, there was no significant difference between the 40 trials group and the 60 trials group on all measures.
    2) When the present data were compared with those of the previous studies in which nonreinforcements were given partially during daily sessions (i.e. partial reinforcement, successive discrimination, and repetitive conditioning-extinction procedures), the present experiment (i.e. continuous nonreinforcements) was found to develop the greatest amount of induction. This might be caused by the difference of number of reinforcements which was given before the first nonreinforcement: that is, the more reinforcement, the more induction.
    3) The last group tested 23hr after 60 extinction trials showed reduction of the induction during this period since all scores recovered to the level before extinction. We had another data on two groups which were tested 23hr after 120 and 300 extinction trials (Fujita and Ishihara, 1963; Ishihara, unpublished data), so we could compare these three data in order to examine the effect of the number of extinction trials upon induction after a 23hr rest period. It was found that amount of induction was positively related with the number of extinction trials. As shown in 1), however, when reconditioning was given immediately after extinction, there was no difference in induction between the groups which received extinction trials more than 40 trials. Therefore, it is suggested that, although the amount of induction was almost identical because of the ceiling effect immediately after extinction, the differential effect was revealed after a 23hr intertrial interval.
  • ネコの2方向回避および弁別学習
    平野 俊二
    1966 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 11-22
    発行日: 1966/04/10
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    Two experiments were conducted to test whether a limbic seizure has any effect on memory consolidation. Cats were trained shuttle-box avoidance in Experiment I and figural discrimination in Experiment II. Animals of the experimental group received a limbic seizure produced by hippocampal electrical stimulation (Fig. 1).
    In Experiment I, shuttle-box avoidance, animals were given five trials per day for eight days. Animals could avoid the grid shock if they moved toward the other side of the apparatus within five seconds after the flash of light was exposed as CS. Every trial was followed by seizure in the experimental group, one minute after the response.
    Results of Experiment I showed that the experimental group could learn the avoidance response as well as the control group (Fig. 2 & 3). No significant differences were found between learning trials required to reach the criterion (Table 1 & 2). It was also shown that the established avoidance response in the limbic seizure period was disrupted when the seizure pattern was propagated to cortical regions. Nevertheless, it was demonstrated that the avoidance response was retained when the training was continued without seizure (Fig. 4).
    In Experiment II, animals were trained to discriminate figures (Fig. 6) by the Y-shape apparatus (Fig. 5). Training was given in massed trials; fifteen trials per day in series 1 and five trials per day in series 2. The subjects followed by seizure in series 1a (or 2a) served as controls for those without seizure in series 1b (or 2b), and vice versa.
    No difference was found between subjects with seizure and subjects without seizure in the amount of trials needed to master the problem (Table 3 & 4).
    From the results obtained in these experiments, it was shown that a limbic seizure produced one minute after the training trial did not retard the memory consolidation.
  • 感応理論の研究 (67)
    小保内 虎夫, 斎藤 実久
    1966 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 23-30
    発行日: 1966/04/10
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    In the previous papers entitled “Fac tors Influencing the Recall of Compound Numbers” (1955, Jap. J. Psychol., 26, 1-11), “Role of Remote Association in Errors of Adding of Simple Numbersv” (1958, Jap. J. Psychol., 28, 328-335), one of the present writers, Obonai, investigated how the subject would respond with a digit when a stimulus digit out of 0 through 9 was given orally by the experimenter. The percentage of occurrence was plotted in graph as a function of the absolute difference between the stimulus and the response digits. The curve showed a conspicuous regularity, being represented by a power function, Y=cXb, where Y is the percentage of recall, X is the interval between numbers in the ordinal number series. In this experiment the subject was asked to respond freely to a stimulus digit given by the experimenter and thus it roughly corresponds to the reading process in which meaning comes up as a response to a written word. In conversation and composition, on the contrary, a concept in our mind becomes a stimulus which in turn leads another concept in succession.
    In the present experiment the subject was required to call out alphabetical letters one by one, in a random order, until he becomes unable to respond. Thus the recall process in this experiment is supposed to have some similarity to that of conversation and composition. In this procedure, the subject was not allowed to call a letter which precedes or succeeds a responded letter in immediate succession of alphabetical order. For example, after the recalled letter “m”, letters “1” and “u” were forbidden to follow immediately. The result obtained based on optionally selected 100 high school students was shown in Fig. 2 in Jap. text, p. 27 where relative frequency indicates actual frequency divided by chance frequency. Here, the curve showed a power function again. The letters alphabetically close to the preceding response-letter were more often recalled-facilitation-, while those remote to the preceding response-letter were suppressed to arise indicating inhibitory effect; the curve fits a power function very well. There is difference in strength between initial parts of proactive and retroactive recall gradients, which determines the direction of a flow of serial letter reproduction.
  • 小笠原 慈瑛
    1966 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 31-35
    発行日: 1966/04/10
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 杉村 健
    1966 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 35-39
    発行日: 1966/04/10
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 森 二三男
    1966 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 39-43
    発行日: 1966/04/10
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 長塚 康弘
    1966 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 44-59
    発行日: 1966/04/10
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
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