心理学研究
Online ISSN : 1884-1082
Print ISSN : 0021-5236
ISSN-L : 0021-5236
64 巻, 6 号
選択された号の論文の10件中1~10を表示しています
  • 佐藤 達哉, 菅原 ますみ, 戸田 まり, 島 悟, 北村 俊則
    1994 年 64 巻 6 号 p. 409-416
    発行日: 1994/02/20
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    Mothers' difficulties concerning child-rearing were conceptualized as a rearing-related stress (RRS). Eight hundred and seventeen mothers who had six month-olds infants were asked to rate 28 RRS items and 20 items on the depressive severity scale (Zung, 1956). The main results were summarized as follows: (1) Twenty-two items of RRS were analyzed by Hayashi's quantification (type-III) method, and two hypothesized dimensions were extracted. These are named children-related reaing stress (CRRS) and mothers-related rearing stress (MRRS). (2) RRS was related to mothers depressive severity, (3) Linear relationships of “CRRS-MRRS-depression severity” was examined by partial correlation analysis. (4) Primiparae experienced more RRS than multiparae. These results suggested that RRS could be considered as a process, i.e., CRRS influences MRRS and then MRRS influences depressive severity. The RRS model is in accord with the psychological stress model of Lazarus and Folkman (1986). Lastly, possible preventive strategies for mothers' RRS were disscussed in the light of RRS model.
  • 石田 英子
    1994 年 64 巻 6 号 p. 417-425
    発行日: 1994/02/20
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    Four-hundred and seventy-seven subjects evaluated a set of traits and behaviors in terms of how masculine and feminine they were and in terms of how well they represented their real and ideal self-images. Within-individual correlation coefficients between these evaluations were proposed as measures of psychological gender schemata, because they would represent the degree of matching between the subjects' gender-images and ideal/real self images of gender-related attributes. The present study aims at examining the construct validity of these measures, by testing them to psychological variables that are known to reflect gender identity. The individual differece variables used as criteria were (a) satisfaction with one's own sex, (b) general happiness, (c) self esteem, (d) gender-conflict, and (e) school and occupational achievement need. Correlations between the gender-schema indices and the criteria variables supported the construct validity of those measures. Advantages of the present measurement over the conventional simple trait approach, such as PSRT, or PAQ are discussed.
  • 川上 綾子
    1994 年 64 巻 6 号 p. 426-433
    発行日: 1994/02/20
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relation between lexical and conceptual representations in the students learning English as a second language. Three groups of subjects with various years of studying English (ten English-major university students=EUS; fifteen high school students=HS; and eighteen junior high school students=JS) participated in an experiment, which employed the semantic priming paradigm with English and Japanese words as stimuli. Subjects were asked to decide as quickly as possible whether each target was a real word. After the task, a recognition test for stimulus words was conducted in order to examine the mode of word processing in such a bilingual situation. For EUS, priming effects were found in all conditions, but not for HS or JS. Results of the recognition test showed that retention was higher for HS and JS than EUS. Based on these findings, lexical representation and its processing in a second language were discussed. The present results appear to indicate that as second language is acquired, more direct links are formed between lexical and conceptual representations of the language.
  • 下川 昭夫
    1994 年 64 巻 6 号 p. 434-441
    発行日: 1994/02/20
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between positive and negative emotions. In study 1, 62 emotional items were selected in order to measure subjective emotional experiences. In study 2, comics, photos and poems were randomly presented to 1 220 college students to induce emotion. Subjects were asked to rate their momentary emotional intensity on two set of 5-point scales (general emotional intensity scale and 62 specific emotional intensity scale). In analysis 1, positive correlations were suggested between general emotional intensity scale and some of the specific emotional intensity scales which were activated by stimuli. In analysis 2, 10 positive and 10 negative emotional items were extracted from 62 items by factor analysis. In analysis 3, 4 and 5, it became clear that the distribution of frequency of correlations of 10 positive ×10 negative items changed according to the general emotional intensity scale. That is, from low to moderate levels of GETS, the two kinds of emotion had no or slightly positive correlation, but at high level they became to be negatively correlated. From the facts described above, it is concluded that positive and negative emotions is not always independent, but show mutual inhibition in case of high intensity level of one of each emotions.
  • 田中 豪一, 澤田 幸展, 藤井 力夫
    1994 年 64 巻 6 号 p. 442-450
    発行日: 1994/02/20
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    The primary purpose of this study was to examine the covariation between preload (PL) and other cardiovascular stress responses during mental arithmetic (MA) and reaction time (RT) tasks. PL, stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and pre-ejection period (PEP) were obtained using impedance cardiography. Mean blood pressure (MBP) was measured by the vascular unloading method. Thirty-one male college students were given both MA and RT tasks with a counterbalanced order. Results indicated significant differences in heart rate reactivity which seems to provide evidence for a stronger vagal withdrawal in MA. Changes in CO and MBP were identical in these two tasks which might have resulted from a compensatory change in PL and SV. Specificity of PEP for the increased beta-adrenergic activity was supported by the correlation pattern among PL, MBP and PEP. The results were discussed in the context of cardiovascular regulating mechanisms.
  • 鈴木 淳子
    1994 年 64 巻 6 号 p. 451-459
    発行日: 1994/02/20
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    A ten-item Scale of Attitudes toward the Roles of Liberated Men (SARLM) based on the factor analysis was developed in order to provide a measure of attitudes toward the roles of liberated and traditional men. The scale was administered to 109 men and 93 women and was examined for its reliability and validity. The goodness-of-fit test indicated that the distribution of the scale scores was very close to the normal distribution. The reliability coefficient was .75, the test-retest coefficient with a four-week interval was .94, and the coefficients of the item-total correlations ranged from .43 to .62. These results support the reliability of SARLM. Evidence of the construct validity was derived from the confirmation of five hypotheses regarding sex, educational attainment, age, women's employment status, and husbands' participation in household tasks. SARLM appears to provide a reliable and valid measure for assessing attitudes toward the roles of liberated and traditional men.
  • バイリンガル二重符号化説の検討
    松見 法男
    1994 年 64 巻 6 号 p. 460-468
    発行日: 1994/02/20
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    Three experiments were carried out to investigate whether the bilingual dual coding theory is fit for early- and late-balanced bilinguals and second language learners. All experiments required them to encode a mixed list of their first and second language (L1 and L2) words by translating L1 words and copying L2 words with either imagery or non-imagery instruction. The subjects were then asked unexpectedly to free recall L2 words they had generated. The results of Experiment 1 and 2 showed that item recall was best for the imagery condition, intermediate for the translation with non-imagery condition, and worst for the copying with non-imagery condition in an approximately 3:2:1 ratio. The additive effect reflected in the above ratio was interpreted as supporting the bilingual dual coding theory which assumes the independent and interconnected storage systems for bilingual words memory. In Experiment 3, however, the additive effect was only partially observed. It was suggested that the bilingual dual coding theory was not applicable to second language learners who had not developed sufficient interconnections between the second language system and the imagery system.
  • 三嶋 博之
    1994 年 64 巻 6 号 p. 469-475
    発行日: 1994/02/20
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    J. J. Gibson (1979/1986) proposed that animals perceive ‘affordances’, which are the functional utilities based on the properties of both the animals and the environment. If this is the case, animals should make judgements about what to do referring to the capability of their own action system. In this study, I examined a perceptual boundary between “stepping-over” and “passing-under” for two groups-the tall group and the short group. Subjects were individually requested to judge whether they would “stepover” or “passunder” a bar presented in front of them which was varied in height. I found that the mean bar-height to leg-length (B/L) ratio at the perceptual action-switching-point is invariant, or 1.07, for each group. This result suggests that animals perceive affordances in controlling action, which means that the environment for animals is structured as to various levels of action.
  • 偶発学習における検討
    惠羅 修吉
    1994 年 64 巻 6 号 p. 476-481
    発行日: 1994/02/20
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    A case study of recall and categorical clustering in the patient with organic anterograde amnesia is reported. The stimulus list involved 28 words comprising of eight categories with four items in each, which were individually typed in one-letter Kanji character on index cards. This experiment was carried out in incidental learning situation, in which the patient and normal controls were instructed to read aloud each stimulus item. In the test phase, subject was required an immediate free recall orally. Two indices were computed from the test results; the number of words correctly recalled and the level of clustering. While the patient achieved the same number of correct recalls as the controls, she failed to produce the equal level of clustering as the latter. The results suggest that categories or semantic associations were not used by the patient as retrieval cues. The dissociation between recall and clustering in the patient are discussed.
  • 他者への依存が課題の想起・実行を抑制する場合
    小林 敬一, 丸野 俊一
    1994 年 64 巻 6 号 p. 482-487
    発行日: 1994/02/20
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    This study investigated how other persons functioned in prospective memory process (PMP) and whether planning in memorization for the task could facilitate an appropriate use of other persons. One-hundred and five undergraduates were divided into 2 (facilitating planning in memorization or not) ×2 (facilitating use of other persons or not) groups. The task was to fill out and mail a questionnaire on a specified day. The main results were as follows; 1) subjects who were facilitated using other persons increased dependence on other persons to remember the task. Dependence inhibited execution of the task, because subjects did not use memory aids so much and could not cope with competitive activities, 2) subjects who were facilitated to plan in memorization increased both execution of task (only in the condition which did not facilitate use of other persons) and use of memory aids. These results suggest that implicit use of other persons could induce negative effects in PMP.
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