As the thyroid gland, as any other endocrine organs, is responsible for the mental as well as the bodily development, it has, been advocated by E. Kretschmer, G. Eward, W. Jaensch, M. R. Berman, O. Klieneberger and other psychologists and characteologists that the thyroidhas a great effect upon the human character. Above all, Berman insisted in his The Glands Regulating Personality upon that the thyroid internal secretion has a very definite controlling relation to intelligence and the complexity of the convolutions of the brain, and that when the chemical reactions which depend upon the thyroid go faster, more oxygen and food materials are burned up or oxidized, more energy is liberated, the metabolic wheel rotates More quickly, the individual senses, feels, thinks and acts more quickly. But his theory is imaginative and speculative, lacks the exact psychological experimental ground.
We began this study for the purpose of detecting the effect of the thyroid gland upon the behavi6ur and learningabilityof animals. For this purpose, we used 32 albino rats and 12 mice and we sorted them into pairs of the same breeding according to their age, sex and weight?\one group for experimental and the other for control animals. To ah experilnental albino rat, we administered the desiccated thyroid gland every day successively 0.005 gm. per 100gm. of its bodily weight and to an experimental mouse 0.0006gm. for some days. Then after about ten days, we experimented on the albino rats by the Obstruction Method, the Maze Learning Method, the Choice Box Method and on the mice by the Revolving Wheel Method. The results of the observations and experiments are as follows:
1) The behaviour of the hyperthyroid rats was more stimulating, more smart ahd more active than that of control rats.
2) The former crossed over the water funk in the obstruction box sooner than the latter. See Fig. 6 in the Japanese Text, pp.344 & 345)
3) In the maze learning, the former eliminated the blinds more readily and reached to the goal sooner than the latter. (See Fig. 8 and Fig 9 in the Japanese Text, pp. 350-1 and 353)
4) The hyperthyroid mice revolved the wheel in the revolving wheel cage more than 10,000 times in six hours in the first trial day in spite of the fact that the control revolved only a few hundred times. But the former hardly improved in revolving the wheel by learning, while the latter revolved more and more times till they surpassed the former in revolving times by above 2,000 times after one week's learning. (See Fig. 12 in the Japanese Text p.359)
5) The above mentioned changes in the behaviour and learning ability of the hyperthyroid animals seemed to appear from five to ten days after the beginning of administrating the desiccated thyroid gland.
6) When we discontinued to administer the desiccated thyroid gland, the animal became less active and less stimulating. We could not make clear whether the improved learning ability would change afterwards again or not.
7) We could not know how these changes happened. In order to find out: whether these changes came from the hunger of the hyperthyroid animals, we tried an experiment, but could not get to any conclusion.

抄録全体を表示

Problem: The purpose of this study is to analyse and describe the temporal course of facial expression. Although many studies have been already attempted on the judgment of facial expression, there was lacking a consideration from a temporal point of view. Accordingly, the conclusions of most of these studies were negative. Now I wanted to take up the same thema from a standpoint which seemed to me most fundamental for the further study.
Procedure : I used as the objects of judgment a few motion pictures from the reason that otherwise we can not see repeatedly the same facial expression. The subject was a two years old boy. An adult, I think, is inadequate to be taken in film beeause he changes his attitude as soon as he is conscious of the situation.
Thus I had nine series of film pictures of facial expressions of emotion, including five of crying and four of laughing. These films were protieded on the waalnld the images were analysed by the following methods.
(1) To measure the length of eye old mouth opening quantitatively, and at the same time record the impressions of these.
(2) To record the impression of the expression of the whole face.
(3) A time-curve was plotted from, these'records.
Summary of results:
(1) There are some specific differences between the temporal courses of crying and those of laughing, and these differences are decided by the internal conditions as well as the situation in which the subject is placed. But, generally speaking, we can find out a tendency that crying continues longer than laughing.
(2) The climaxes of crying of the child show the same intensity irrespective of the causes, but in the case of laughing the climaxes are not the same.
(3) The duration of climax of crying is very short. But a considerably strongcrying as a whole continues long.
The expression of lauphing continues for only a very short time when it is stong, and continues sometimes long (but shorter than crying) when it is weak.
(4) Generally speaking, the speed of the changing of crying is slower than that of laughing.
(5) In all cases the processes of the facial expressions jump up and down, and during the intervals of these there are slow changes.
(6) After crying (sometimes before it) there is a long and slow change of expression. But laughing occurs and vanishes suddenly.

抄録全体を表示

Das Problem des Standorts des Ich in dem Vorstellungsleben it bisher merstens in den Untersuchungen der Lokalisation der visuellen Vorstellungsbilder betrachtet worden. Segal (Über das Vorstellen von Objekten und Situationen. 1916) denkt aber recht, dass diese zwei Probleme, d. h. das eine des Standorts des Ich und das andere der räumlichen Lokalisation der visuellen Vorstellungsbilder, voneinander unterschieden werden sollen. Segals Untersuchung über den Standort des Ich in dem Vorstellungsleben war leider ebensowenig vollkommen ars diejenige Martins (Zsch. f. Psychol. Bd. 61, 1912) und G. E. Müllers (Zsch. f. Psychol. Erg. Bd. 9, 1917), bei welcher die zwei Probleme verwechselt waxen.
Nun hoffen wit zu diesen Problem Etwas beitragen zu können.
Die Methode ist im Grunde der des Segals ähnlich.
Ergebnisse:
I. Die Standorte des Ich in dem Vorstellungsleben sind wie folgendes klassifiziert.
1) Der Standort, von dem aus das vorgestellte Objekt gesehen wild, ist der wirkliche i dem Versuchszimmer.
2) Der Standort ist draussen, wo die Gegenstände sind.
A) Der Standort ist ver dem Gegenstande wie in dem wirklichen Leben bewusst.
B) Der Standort ist unwirklich über dem Gegenstande bewusst.
C) D er Standort 1st bewusst zwar da, wo der Gegenstand ist, abet keine genauere Bestimmtheit it gegeben.
3) Der Standort ist unbestimmt.
4) Der Standort ist nicht bewusst.
Diese Klassifikation ist vollkommener als diejenige Segals and G. E Müllers, weil Müller die Stanidorte 3) und 4) nicht unterscheidet und Segal an diese Standorte gar nicht denkt.
II. Die individuellen Unterschiede sind sehr betrachtlich. Am häufigsten erleben drei Vpn. den Standort 1), sechse den Standort 2) u nd eine den Standort 4) unter zehn Vpn.
Aber spielt der Charakter des Reizworts auch erne Rolle; z. B. bei den Reizwörtern, welche in den Vpn. Erinnerungen von eindrucks Vollen Ereignissen aus ihrem Leben auftauchen lassen sollen, wird der Standort 2) mehr als bei den Reizwörtern erlebt, welche mit keiner besondern Erinnerungen von ihrem Leben sich verbinden und nut unmittelbar die einfachen visuellen Gegenstande auftauchen lassen sollen.
III. Betreffs der Faktoren, woven der Eindruek, jedes Standorts abhängig ist, können wit einige Ergänzungen der bisherigen Ergebnisse rnachen.
a) Bei dem Standort 1) fügen wirden folgenden Faktor neben den Faktoren Segals hinzu, namlich das wirklich bleibende Bewusstsein des eigenen Körpers, das auch in dem Vorstellungsleben von mehreren Grunden nicht verloren zu werden braucht.
b) Bei dem Standort 2) fugen wir den Faktor des Gefuhls neben den Faktoren hinzu,welche Segahnd G. E. Muller gefunden haben.
c) Nach unsrer Meinung ist der Standort 3) solehes Falles, worin die Faktbren gegebeh sind; die den wirklichen Standort veigessal lassen, abet keine Faktoren,die einen neun Standort bsstimmen.
d) Bei dem Standort 4) i st nur das Bewusstsein des Gegenstandes gegeben, and da kein and ere,s Bewmstssin, welches das Ieh dudeutet.
IV. Wie wild das Bewusstsein des Korper-leh der Vp. in dena Versueliszimmer, wenn das Bewusstsein des wirklichen Standorts des Ich veiloren ist? wit finden dabei zwei folgende Fälle.
a) Das Bewusstsein des Korper-Ich ist ganz verloren.
b) Das Bewusstein des Korper-Ich ist nicht ganz veribren, aber dieses Ich beteiligt sich nicht an dem Erleben (Sehen) der Vorstellangsbilder.
Das Ich, welches als dasjenige erlebt witd, das sich an dem Erlebe der Vorstellungsbilder beteiligt, ist nicht einerlei bei jedem Standorte. Bald ist es z. B. das Phantasie-Ich, das verschiedene Reproduktion der Körperempfindungen des Körper-Ich begleitat (insbesondere Standort 2. A.), bald gibt es aber kein Korperliches (Standort 3. und 4.). Bei diesem Falle denke ich an dem Bewusstseins- Ich voh Lipps, aber ich berühre es nicht hier.

抄録全体を表示

Problem: The purpose of this work was to find out the influence of Illumination intensity upon a fine work.
Experiment: The performance selected as such in this experiment was the cancellation of such figures as etc. under various illumination intensities.
On a white paper of 70% reflection factor, 1600 black figures were printed, and subjects were requested to cancell 3 types of figures as exactly as possible.
Indirect illumination of the following intensities was used.
In the case of subject A In the case of subject B
Two healthy subjects, one male (24 years old, Sub. A) and the other female (17 years old, Sub. B), were tested.
After an adaptation period of 30 minutes each subject had to continue cancelling for 60 minutes under the normal illumination (150 Lux), then he or she again had to adapt for 30 minutes and? then work for 90 minutes under the illumination intensity which should be-compared.
The results under variable illumination intensities (V) were compared with those under the normal illumination (K).
By mean of theser atis (V/K)I triedt o comparet he performanceuns der various intensities.
Results:
1) Performance was strongly influenced by illumination intensity lower than 10 Lux
2) A less amormt of work and more errors were found in these cases. (See Fig. 1-4 in the Japanese text, p. 409)
3) Subjects made many errors when the work approached the end and complained of fatigue, i. e. eye strain or headache, in these cases.
4) I was able to find out some personal differences in the work curves, but each subject showed optimum performance and few errors under about 100 Lux.

抄録全体を表示