心理学研究
Online ISSN : 1884-1082
Print ISSN : 0021-5236
ISSN-L : 0021-5236
10 巻, 5-6 号
選択された号の論文の19件中1~19を表示しています
  • 松本 亦太郎
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 695-700
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 速水 滉
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 701-723
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    Problem: What is the structure of the perception when the external objects are not clearly perceived? What changes undergoes the perception, when the illumination is gradually increased? What is the role of the contour lines in the perception? To answer these problems is the object of the present experimental study.
    Apparatus and Procedure: Utilizing a Dodge's tachistoscope, figures written on a white paper 126×93mm. in size are presented in a dark room. The illumination of stimulus figures is performed by means of a 30 watt electric lamp. The gradual increase of illumination (from 1.2w to about 7.6w) is adjusted by a water rheostat placed in an adjoining room. The changes of the perception observed by the subjects who look in at the window of the camera, are reported to the experimenter by means of a telephone. The figures used are 20 in number (see Fig. 1, 2, 3 in the Japanese text).
    Summary of results:
    (1) Before the contour lines in closed figures, and the separate lines in unclosed figures, are not yet perceived, the “playsiviumiy” of the figures as a whole is felt (by which I mean the previous state of dim perception mentioned in (5)). For example, Fig. I and II. are felt as “somehow round” figures; Fig. VII as “a slanting rain”; Fig. XVIII as “a zigzag shaped mountain,” or as “the shape of billows” etc.; Fig. XIV as “square shaped luggage bound with ropes.” In Fig. XIX “something like a human being” is already recognized when the illumination is quite weak.
    (2) This fact seems to be felt by the difference between the figure and the ground. (a) In most cases, the inside of the figure looks brighter than the outside. (b) Sometimes along the contour lines, something like a faint shadow is observed. Sometimes, on the contrary, the vicinity of the lines looks particulary brighter; in which case the inside of the figure seems somewhat darker than the outside. (c) In some cases, the surface of the figure or the part enclosed with the sepatate lines seems to stand in relief. In other cases, they appear tinged with different colours, or different in degree as to the homogeneity of the surface.
    (3) In unclosed figures, there is a tendency to perceive them closed, so that almost all lines seem prolonged. In such closed figures as Fig. XI, XII, and XIII, diagonals not existing in reality are felt and the feeling remains until the illumination become considerably intense and the perception clear.
    (4) Even when the “physiognomy” of the figures as a whole is not yet felt, vanous shapes which have no similarities with the stimulus figures occur especially in the case of the subject R. The reason seems to be due to the phenomena mentioned in(3).
    (5) When the figures are dimly perceived, the contour lines are broken, and appear and disappear. Sometimes the movement of their expansion and contraction is reported. In the unclosed figures consisting of groups of lines or dots, the length of the lines is uncertain, their positions and numbers, obscure and especially the extremities indistinct. They appear and disappear at times so that their size fluctuates.
    (6) The primacy of Gedalt can be proved by the results of this experiment. The chief of them are: (a) In Fig.II, the distortion of the circle is perceived after the clear perception of the contour. (b)As to the white small circles in Fig III, the small trianges at the corners of the square in Fig. X, and the short oblique lines in Fig. XI, thle results are the Fame.
    (7) The sudden expansion of the surface of figures is often observed, when the perception of the figures become clear. In a few cases, on the contrary, the contraction, especially of lines occurs.
  • 井原 正男, 城戸 幡太郎
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 725-743
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    Problem and method: This experiment is intended to analyse the process of colour mixtures conditioned by perceptive time.
    For this study a speed regulator (Fig. 1) is applied to observe the process of colour mixtures conducted by means of the method of minimal change. The distance between the eye and the disc is 40cm. and the subjects should observe by monocular sight by day-light.
    The time of exposure is regulated by the shutter. The subjects are the post graduate students of psychology.
    Results:
    Preliminary Exp. I. The perceptive time of phenomenal movement.
    A rotatory figure (Fig. 2.) is observed for the exposing time of 1/200 sec., 1/100 sec., 1/50 sec., 1/25 sec., 1/10 sec., 1/5 sec.,
    The changing stage of the figure.
    1. It appears quiescent.
    2.It appears quiescent, but it vibrates.
    3. The contour of figure begins to break down and the figure appears dimly.
    4. It s eems to move, but not to rotate.
    5. Rotation can be seen.
    The speed of rotation corresponding to each stage is different for each subject, but generally the rotatory movement can not be perceived clearly, if the object is exposed less than 1/50se c. Therefore the perception of movement. is not caused by the quantity or distance of movement, but by the time of perception.
    Preliminary Exp. II. The deformation of shape caused by motion.
    The necessary condition of colour mixtures may be given as follows: The contour of two colours breaks down, vanishing the shape and two colours are required to be presented in the certain perceptive time simultaneously under the certain speed of rotation.
    Exp. I. The mixing process of Black and White. It is worth paying attention that white appears more extensive than black during rotation and when white becomes the ground, black appears as the figure rotating over white. When the flicker begins to appear, we can observe such figures as a reticulation or a beehive, analogous to the cells of retina.
    Exp. II. The tendency of colours appearing as a ground and a figure.
    The colours which have strong tendency to appear as a ground should be arranged in the order of yellow, green, blue and red. Such colours as grounds are observed as extensive and backward colours.
    On the contrary, such colours as figures are observed as contractive and forward ones. When two colours, are perfectly mixed in the sAme proportion, the mixed colours approach the colour which appears as a ground at the beginning.
    Exp. III. The inversion of ground and figure caused by changing the proportion of colour mixtures.
    We can inverse the relation of ground and figure according to subjective attitude, but increasing the colour as a figure, it comes to appear as a ground. If the rotatory speed reaches about 500 per minute, both colours begin to mix and a ground-figure relation can be no more perceived. But at this time, if we stare fixedly, at the rotary disc, two colours come out alternately as the phenomenon of visual struggle.
    Exp. IV. Perception of colour mixtures by instant exposition.
    If we perceive the mixed colours on the rotary disc instantly exposed, we shall only perceive two separate colours at the same time, unless the perceptive time reaches a certain limit.
    Exp. V. The relation between the number of devised colours and the number of rotation.
    To make the colour mixture perfectly, we can find a simple law which consists in the inverse proportion between the number of devised colours and the number of rotation. If we reduce the number of divisions by one half, we must double the number of rotations. But periodical repetition by rotary motion is not a condition necessary to colour mixtures. If we can perceive the two colours which are given successively on the retina simultaneously in the psychological present time, they will be perfectly mixed in our brain.
  • 玉池 純朗
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 745-755
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    It is well known that the phenomenal size of a thing is modified by its colour and brightness. In this article the phenomenon is studied chiefly in the consideration of the relation between the colours of the two fields, inner and outer, and between the brightness of these two, also. As our stimulus, we use two colour wheels, which has each a different size and is put one upon another. The observer's work is to inspect the size of the inner field, while the colour and brightness of the inner field or the outer were variously changed.
    The results, which we have gained in the case, are summarized as follows:
    1) The Phenomenal size of the inner field is :modified by the colour and brightness of the both fields and then the relation of these fields plays the most important part. It is possible to be said that the condition (the change of the colour or the brightness in the both field s) is effective not in colour (or brightness) itself, but in the change of the relation of them, in other words, in that of the structure of the visual field with their variation of the both fields. The inner field appears to be larger when the both fields seem homogeneous on the whole than when not so.
    2) In the use of certain pair of colours and the same (or two different grades of brightness) the size of the inner field is conditioned by their positions, namely, inner or outer, or generally speaking by the spatial constellation of the visual field. Only by regarding to these conditions the conbination of colours and the spatial constellation of the visual field we are able to find a characteristic tendency of all colours (or of all grades of brightness) with respect to phenomenal size.
  • 小保内 虎夫, 村松 正次
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 757-771
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    In seiner Arbeit “Experimentelle Untersuchungen über den Aufbau des Sehraumes”(1) hat T. Obonai zum ersten Male auf die Erscheinung der Periodizität der Auflösungsveröogen aufmerksam gemacht, die bei Drehungen der Sulzerschen Sehprobe (die Parallelen Striche) am Auge beobachtet werden kann. Darüber schreibt er folgendes: “die Sehschärfe ist an den einzelnen Meridianen des A.uges beträchtlich verschieden , und ändert sich periodisch innerhalb aller Quadranten des Sehraumes.”
    In der gegenwärtigen Arbeit versuchten wit nun den vorangegangenen Befund noeh genauer nachzuprufen. Als Prüfungsobjekt zur Messung der Sehscharfe benutzten wit den Landoltschen Ring. Dieses Prüfungsobjekt wurde dem Ange in verschiedenen Entfernungen dargeboten und soweit genähert bis die Lücke des Hinges wahrgenommen wird. Es lieβ sich auf diese Weise untersuchen, wie Sehschärfe sich verhält, wenn die Sehprobe so gedreht wird, daβ die Lücke in frontalparalleler Ebene eine beliebige Richtung erhält.(Fig. 1)
    An Hand genauer Messungen an 41 normalsichtigen Augen konnten wir den vorangegangenen Befund noch einmal bestatägen, daβ die normalsichtigen Augen verschiedene Sehweite für Lücken von verschiedener Richtung haben. Fig. 2 zeigt die Verhältnisse in graphischer Darstellung, wobei an der Abszisse die Richtung der Lucke, auf der Ordinate die Sehschärfe (Entfernung vom Auge bis zur Sehprobe in Meter) eingetragen ist. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich mit dem Polar Ko-ordinaten System auch auf andere Weise darstellen. (Fig 3)
    Im Vorhergehenden beschäftigten Wir uns nun mit dem Verhalten des normalsichtigen Auges. Ganz anders, aber, verhält sich das astigmatische Auges. (Fig. 4, Fig. 5) Man kann ohne weiters aus dem Kurvenverlauf ersehen, daβdie Richtung der Lücke, für welche die Sehweite am kleinsten ist, vertikal ist (Astigmatismus wider die Regel)Von da ab nimmt das Auflösungsvermögen gegen die horizonta1e Richtung hin allmahlich zu. Bei dem Astigmatismus nach der Regel ist das umgekehrte der Fall. wenn dieses astigmatische Auge mit einer Cylinder-Linse korrigiert wird, so schlagt die Kurve in die Normal-Kurve des emmetropen Auges um. (Fig. 4) Das gleich gilt fur das kurzsichtige Auge. (Fig. 6)
    Unseres Erachtens nach haben diese Ergebnisse eine groBe klinische Bedeutung. Denn die einfache Beobachtung des Kurvenverlaufs ermoglicht uns nun, die Anomalie eines Auges in genauer Weise zu diagnosieren.
  • 山本 三吾
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 773-787
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    As regards the observation of eye-movements through photographic recording in order to explain the reading process, much has already been done in the case of the English language; while in Japanese we have only one experiment by Shigeru Otomo, who used Japanese texts in Chicago, and whose results were only partially published.
    In this paper the principal object in view is to observe eye-movements in normal reading of various Japanese texts, rapid reading and voluntary eyemovements being also taken into consideration. The method used is that of R. Dodge, photographing a beam of light refle-ion from the eye.
    Subjects; Six subjects took part in the experiments; they are students or graduates of the psychological faculty of the University.
    Readiny Materials: Selection A. Account of travel Selection B. Humourous story Selection C. Psychological monograph Selection D. Novel Selection E. Leading article Selection F. Natural science Selection G. Account of travel (only for rapid reading)
    Results: The subjects are highly educated and have good reading ability, and yet there are no small differences of eye-movements between them. They are almost divided into two types which M. D. Vernon explained in the Medical Research Council (special report series, No. 148, 1930). But one point of Vernon's results, that one of the two types shows a shorter pause duration while the other a longer pause duration, can not be proved in my experiments. So long as my experiments have justified, the two types can be defined as follows: one tends to make a small and regular number of fixation pauses of irregular duration, while the other tends to make a large and irregular number of fixation pauses of regular duration.
    Compared with normal reading, rapid reading decreases in duration of pause, and remarkably in number of pauses. But it must be noted that there lies individual difference in the degree of the decreases, and this individual difference seems to affirm the two types of normal reading.
    Concerning the speed of reading, smaller number of pauses and shorter pause duration are required to rapid readers, and especially the former seems necessary. This corresponds to remarkable decrease of fixation frequency in rapid reading.
    As to the voluntary eye-movements, the sujects were ranked both on the steadiness of voluntary fixation on a point and on the accuracy of voluntary movement from point, to point. Thus the subjects who make a larger number of pauses in reading, are generally less steady in voluntary fixation and less accurate in voluntary movements. My results appear to concur with Vernon's in the conclusion that “the individual types of motor process in reading are originally based upon underlying motor ability, and they may be cosiderably modified by training, and by further individual peculiarites”.
    It is surmised that the reading of the Japanese language requires eyemovements of smaller angles and larger number of pauses per line than that of the English language. This fact must be taken into cosideration in researching for the reading of Japanese.
  • 高木 貞二
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 789-804
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    The present study was conceived with the aim of obtaining such direct experimental data as to throw light upon the role of the immediate backgrounds in the selective responses for brightness in animals. It was concerned with four problems: (1) When varied tits, after learning to choose one side of a brightness-pair on an immediate background of medium gray, had to react to a new pair, consisting of the “right” object of the training period and a new object, which had the same relation to the “right” object as this had had to the “wrong” object during training, what would be the percentage of the frequency that the animals would choose the new object? (2) If the immediate background too was changed relatively with the “transposition” of the brightness-pair so as to take the same medium position between the two grays as in the original training period, what would be the effect upon the frequency of the choice of the new object? (3) If the background change was executed with the “transposition” of the brightness-pair otherwise than the relative way, what would be the effect? (4) How could we explain the change, if any, in the frequency of the choice which thus was attributable to the differences in the background change?
    Six varied tits were trained to fly down from a cage and to seek. their food front under one of the two circular covers, which were placed apart from each other on a table, and to fly back to the cage with a grain to eat it up there. One of the covers was light gray, which was used as the positive stimulus for three of the subjects, and the other was dark gray, which was the positive stimulus for the other three, while the surface of the table was medium gray. The animals could get their food under the positive stimulus only, and no special punishment was used excepting the detour they had to make in order to get food when they went to the negative stimulus first. The training was considered to have been completed when the percentage of the choice of the positive stimulus, notwithstanding the position of it, surpassed 90 per cent consecutively for five days. The subjects showed large individual differences concerning the length of the training period.
    After the completion of the training, four birds among the six were subjected to the critical experiments, which consisted of one ordinary “transposition” test without any change of the immediate background and three other kinds of “transposition” tests, in which the immediate background too was variously changed. The first of these background changes was executed in the same direction as the “transposition” of the stimuli and relative to it, the second was in the same direction and to a position that was one step further than the new neutral stimulus, and the third was in the opposite direction and to a position that was one step further than the negative stimulus of the original training period. In these critical experiments the animals could find their food under both stimuli.
    The results of these experiments were as follows: the frequency of the choice of the new stimulus was the largest (77%) when the “transposition” of the stimuli was not accompanied by the change of the background, and it was the smallest (55%) when the background was changed with the “transposition” of the stimuli to the farthest position from the original. In the two cases where the degree of the changes of the background was smaller than this, the frequencies of the choice of the new stimulus were also of medium grade (66% and 66.3%), no matter whether the direction of the change was the same or the opposite.
  • 横山 松三郎
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 805-819
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    This investigation studies the manner in which tactual perception of distance is dependent upon the structure of the stimulus.
    Ten series of experiments were performed by the method of constant stimuli with seven observers for successive comparison of “filled” with “empty” distances. (1) The stimuli were applied to the skin of the forehead of the observer just above the eyebrows in successive pairs; the standard stimulus comprising a “filled” distance was presented first, followed by a comparison stimulus comprising an “empty” distance. The observer was asked to judge the second in terms of the first, using the categories, greater, equal or less. An aesthesiometer specially constructed for each series was used to give the stimuli. The results were treated statistically and the point of subjective equality was calculated for each series and for each observer.
    The following may be given as a summary:
    (1) When a distance of 30 mm. was divided into 2,3 or 5 equal parts by punctiform pressure stimuli, the impression perceived was a line, a chain or a rosary, and the distance appeared tactually much shorter than the “empty” distance of equal length, i. e. two punctiform pressures separated by a distance of 30 mm.
    (2) The above statement also applies unqualifiedly to the case where a distance of 80 mm was divided into 4 equal pagts, and where a distance of 111,114o r 120 mm. was divided into 6 or 7 pagts by punctiform stimuli.
    (3) When a distance of 30 mm. wasfilled uniformly with pressure, the impgession pegceived was a line, and the distance was greatly undegestimated in comparison to the “empty” distance of equal length.
    (4) When a distance of 80 mm. was divided into 2 parts or when a dis tance of 111, 114 or 120mm. was divided into 3 equai Parts, it was Perceived tactually as seParate dots intersPersed along the whole space,and the distance was neither overestimated nor underestimated.
    (1) There were three other series which treated the Probiem of “time error”. The result showed, however, that there is no time error in the successive comparison of distance in tactuai space.
  • 谷本 揆一, 本田 實昌
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 821-830
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    Woodrow performed experiments in weight discrimination with varying standards. And he worked out the theory of ‘set’ to explain the phenomena of time-order errors.
    Our primary interest in the present study is in the tracing of his experiments.
    Materials:-25 cylinders made of nickel were used, the weight of which ranges from 72 to 120 gr. by 2 gr. difference. They are all 25 mm. high and measure 25 mm. in diameter.
    Method:-The weights were lifted by being grasped by the thumb and the forefinger. It took approximately 2 sec. to raise and 2 sec. to lower a weight, and 13 sec. for one comparison judgement, including 5 sec. between R1 and R2. The interval between pairs was 10 sec. Subjects were required to judge ‘heavier’, ‘lighter’ and ‘equal’ in terms of the second weight. Throughout the all experiments there were five variables; one of these was equal to the standard weight of the series, the other four were disposed at equal intervals of 2 gr. above and below the standard.
    Experiment I Two experiments were made, one with the standard of 76 gr. and the other with the standard of 116 gr. With both standards, the. time-order errors were negative and approximately of equal magnitude. (See Japanese text p. 823) Experinnent II. was performed with varying standards. In a series 76, 86, 96, 106, and 116 gr. were used as stalldardg, 25 pairs of stimuli were mixed and presented to the Os irregularly in two time orders, and go 50 judgements were required.
    The average time-order error was negative and nearly equal to the magnitude obtained with a single standard. With lighter standards it was positive and with the heavier negative. This confirms the results of Woodrow, in our results, however, the magnitude of time-order error seems to decrease with the heaviest 76 and the lightest standard 116.
    In order to investigate the second attribute of Woodrow's ‘set’, i. e. the central tendency, we performed following experiments with two or three standards. The caombinatioh os standards is as follows:-76, 116; 96, 116; 76, 96; 76, 86; 106, 116. 76, 96, 116: 86, 96, 116; 96, 106, 116.
    The results indicate that the effect of central tendency becomes more evident asthe number of standards increases in the range of weights from 76 to 116 gr. (See Japanese text p. 827)
    With two or three standards, the cantral tendency seemed to be more effective when the difference between them was 20 gr. than when it was 10 or 40 gr.
  • 本宮 彌兵衞
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 831-837
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    The Low-Hilger Audiometer was used to describe the vocal waves of the Japanese vowels in this study. The subjects of this experiment are seven males among the assistants and students of the psychological laboratory of the Doshisha University and four females. They were demanded to pronounce A ε i σ m of Japanese vowels in their ordinary speaking tones and these were recorded. Then the male subjects were demanded to pronounce the same vowels in different tones of c, e and g and the female subjects were demanded to pronounce in a', c' and e'. These vocal waves were analysed by the Fourier harmonic analysis on the 24-ordinate scheme. Acoustic Spectrums were made by the results of these analyses. The frequency of the maximum resonance, that is, the pitch of the characteristic frequency region was estimated by connecting the highest points of each spectrum. These frequencies of the maximum resonance of each vowel were summed up and thus the characteristic frequency bands of the Japanese vowels were decided in the following.
    The characteristic frequency bands of the Japanese vowels (male)
  • 大脇 義一
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 839-858
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    I.Object of study: When no sensory impressions, for example stimulus words, are given to us, and when no special volitional attitudes are taken by us, what sort of presentations then comes to us naturally and spontaneously? We want to study the appearance of these presentations.
    II. Method of study: We will study not by means of suggestions or any other technique, but by means of any familiar procedure in psychology. And we must gain besides not only subjective introspective data, but somewhat objective material able to infer the following of presentations. We thought of a method, then, meating the demand. That is the method of muscular work on Mosso's ergograph. In dark room and without experimenter one draws a light weight (530 gr) rhythmically 15 to 30 minutes according to slowly tact of metronom (56 in minutes), closing the eyes. That is the only work the observers have to do. We have 7 subjects and each observes 6 times in 6 days.
    III . ltetilt of olmerration: We can mark of three periods in the following of presentations observed.
    The 1 st Period: Actual stimuli are perceived. And consciousness concentrates in muscular work. The corresponding waves of ergograph goes in perfect order and the height of them is large (refer the photograph).
    The 2 nd pertriod: But before long, consciousness averts from actual work and actual world of perception. one begins to think about things seen or heard just before. Waves of ergograph swing.
    The 3 rd Period: The 3 rd period comes out abruptly. The contents of presentation bear upon one's older days and native land. Clear is the most images. But very difficult to recollect the details of them afterwards. Individual differs much about this period. Someone scarcely comes into it. The effect, of practice and length of time are not always determining factors. The work waves of the period are very low and. the form of them most characteristic.
    These three periods about the following of ideas is not only difference of period, but difference of, so to speak, order of our consciousness.
    IV. Consideration about pesults: The following of presentations in this work is neither recollection, association nor reflection in ordinary sense. We are not able to explain it with association, perseveration and determination tendencies, not comparable with socalled “complex” of analytical psychologists. That is no reproduction of presentations on our consciousness, but alternations of whole consciousness in its older age. This tendency seems to us to be so natural and spontaneous as to have consider it as a deep nature or instinct of our mind. Full descriptions of the work will be soon published in “Tohoku Psychologiea Folia”.
  • 武政 太郎
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 859-874
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    以上の陳述を要約すると次のやうになる。
    (一) 學習効果は常に被驗者の學習能と作業の種類構造等の統體的關聯としてあらはれる。
    (二) 若し被驗者の學習能を出來るだけ恒常に保ち得るやうに練習を統御するならば、練習効果は著しく練習作業の種類構造等によつて左右される。
    (三) 上に陳述した實驗結果を多數の被驗者の平均から見ると、基數三個の加算の練習効果のあらはれ方は一種の雙曲線型又は抛物線型に屬するが、基數四個の加算の練習効果のそれは上昇の緩やかな彎曲の度の少ない抛物線型に屬する。片假名數字置換作業の練習効果は急勾配を有する對數的發達函數型に近似してゐる。しかるに圖形數字置換作業の練習効果線は急勾配の抛物線型或は雙曲線型に近似してゐる。隨つて大體からいへば、凸状上昇型が多くあらはれる傾向がある。
    (四) しかし、被驗者の學習能と作業の種類又は困難さと常に關聯して練習効果はあらはれるから、上に陳べた一般的傾向も亦被驗者の學習能によつて左右される。即ち被驗者の學習能に比して作業が容易な場合は、大體凸状上昇型があらはれ、これに反して被驗者の學習能に比して作業がやや困難な場合には中段休止型或はS字状上昇型が多くあらはれ、もつと作業が困難になると凹状上昇型があらはれる傾向がある。この事實は、サーストン又はストラウドの結果と大體に於て一致する。
    (五) 又これを個々の被驗者について考察して見ても、常に學習能と作業の困難さとは統體關聯をなして練習効果はあらはれ、具體的にはこれ等のいづれかの一つのモーメントが優勢を占めることによつて色々の型の練習効果があらはれる。大體學習能が小になり作業の困難さが増大するに從つて、 (1) 凸状上昇型 (これにも對數的發達函數型、雙曲線型、抛物線型等があり得る) は (2) 中段休止上昇型 (凸状型から中途に於て停滯の起るもの即ち最初が消極的加速度的進歩をなし、後になつて積極的加速度的進歩をなすもの) に移り、 (3) 更に直行上昇型に移り、 (4) 次いでS字状上昇型となり、 (5) 遂に凹状上昇型 (これにも種々の抛物線型があり得る) となる。今それを圖示すると大凡上の如き圖式を得る (第七圖)。
    以上を纒めると凸状上昇型と凹状上昇型との中間に、X及びYの函數としての練習効果は色々の形を呈してあらはれるやうに思はれる。これ等の中間の型に中段休止型 (D型) や直行上昇型 (E型) やS字状上昇型 (F型) などがあらはれると考へられるのである。換言すれば、學習能と作業の困難さ複雜さとの相對的關聯によつてX及びY坐標の中に凸状から凹状に至る色々の型の練習効果があらはれ、更に凹状から停滯式が生することを推定し得るのである。 (此項完)
  • 上野 義雄
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 875-888
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    The relation between the emotional excitement and galvanic respenses to faradic stimuli or emotiollal stimuli and then the relation between the mental process in working time and the electrical changes in the palms (P. G. R.) or non palms (so called Elektrodermatogram) have been the matter of interesting problems.
    The results of the experiment as follows.
    (1) There are comparatively high correlations among the conductance difference, deflection rate, nmnber of ohms, main deflection time and recovering time in the galvanic responses to faradic stimuli.
    (2) But We must, at least, examine the deflection rate (or conductance change), the main deflection time (or recovering, time) and the curves of reflex (especially the number of waves).
    (3) There is no high correlation, in generally, between the galvanic responses to simple emotional stimuli (or faradic stimuli) and the resistance change (or conductance change) in mental work. In such a consideration the Will Temperament Test must be reconstructed.
    (4) Somewhat parallel relation between the palmar and non palmar conductance changes is found in condition of their daily steady states.
    (5) Even in muscular work, not to speak of mental work, the situation favoring the emotion activity, we may expect the large deflection of palmar resistance but the situations favoring the muscular activity, some deflection of non palmar, resistance on the contrary.
    (6) Beginning at the training of his work, show the great and many differences between the palmar and non palmar responses, but the difference becomes to gradually diminish with his progress, and then, at the end of his training, his working movement has been entirely reflex one, the both galvanic responses (P. G. R. and E. D. G.) become to show the parallel relation.
    (7) The above results indicate that it is interesting to analysis the both galvanic responses of palmar and non palmar areas (P. G. R. and E. D. G.) for further inquiring the training and fatigue of work.
  • 今田 惠
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 889-908
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    1. Problem of Handedness: Men are mostly right-handed, and left-handedness is exceptional, and as such it becomes a problem of interest and scientific research. But no definite theory of its origin and real nature has been established. The question of handedness has to be considered from two different angles. They are unilateral preference and unilateral superiority. Though they are inseparably united in the actual cases, one refers to native tendency of using one hand in preference to the other, if it is native at all; and the other to the combined results of such tendency and post-natal practice.
    This study aims to approach this question of handedness through the survey of the actual difference in the capacities of the two hands. And this question can be treated under three main headings.
    (1) The actual. facts of bilateral difference and the frequency and degree of handedness.
    (2) The causes of handedness.
    (3) Physical and mental characteristics of the left-handed.
    2. Experiment: We chose five different kinds of tests-(1) grip, (2) tapping for 30 seconds, (3) peg-board for 1 minute, (4) tracing a star drawn with double lines (3 mm apart) with pencil, and (5) cutting with scissorsand administered to the entire group of children of one primary school, 801 in all, of whom 416 were boys and 391 were girls.
    3. Results and Conclusions: This report includes only the first three tests mentioned above, The percentage of the capacities of the left hand to the right hand (i.e. L/R×100) was calculated and we called this an index of left-handedness.
    (1) The average of motor capacities of each school year for boys and girls are given in Tables 1, 2 and 3.
    (2) According to the average of. the capacities of both hands the relative efficiency of the left to the right is as follows. Grip Tapping Peg Board Boys 96.58% 86.50% 91.54% Girls 93.71% 87.17% 90.87%
    (3) The percentage of children who show the left-hand superiority is as follows. Index of Grip Tapping Peg Board Left-handedness No. % No.% No.% above 101 Boys 1 19 31.32 29 7.60 70 18.92 above 101 Girls 92 25.20 21 5.74 56 15.56
    (4) The number of individuals who show left-band superiority in one, two, or three kinds of tests is 43.31 for boys and 38.25 for girls.
    (5) The number of children reported as left-banded by teachers in charge is 30 (7.2 %) for boys and 20 (5.1%) for girls.
    (6) There is no difference of the total capacity of both hands between the right-handed and the heft-handed children.
    (7) For one hand only the order of efficiency is as follows-1st right hand of the right-handed, 2nd left hand of the left-handed, 3rd right hand of the left-handed, and 4th left hand of the right-handed.
    (8) The difference of the two hands is most marked in the speed of movement and not so marked in the strength.
    (9) The difference of the two hands is greater with girls than with boys
    (10) This research indicates that the frequency and degree of handedness do not regularly increase or decrease with the age-level.
  • 飯沼 龍遠
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 909-920
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    In Formboard Tests the relative superiority of the intelligence or construetive ability of the examinee has hitherto been noted and decided solely according to the speed evinced in completing the trial. This method, though simple, has several inevitable drawbacks.
    The psychological value of the tests, in point of fact, which aims at ascertaining if possible, the quality of the intelligence of the examinee, resides in a visible result showing the reasoning power and the care of the subject excrcised by him in his effort to construct a prescribed form by putting together the given pieces. If, however, the result can also be achieved by mere chance or trial and error method, the attenlpt to test the quality of intelligence will have no meaning at all. Some of the differences between the obtained at the same speed should be taken into consideration, in so far as the test gives paramount importance to the speed of completion of the test itself: speedy completion due to the nimble movements of the examinee but revealing poor method and many errors; slow but steady completion- due to good method with few errors; and lucky completion without promptness or good method. It is evident that the defects such as the first and the last should be eliminated if the test is to be valid. On the other hand it is hardly possible to eliminate these from the test in as much as the test (as at present) gives paramount importance to speed in completion.
    The means, therefore, to eliminate these defects is:
    1) To improve the construction of the formboard so as to minimize the possibility of accidental success of the test.
    2) To examine closely the quality of the errors committed and to consider the number of errors so as to rind out the value in relation to intelligence so called.
    Viewing the question in this light, therefore , I intend to design a new type of formboard, and to test it by applying in the case of uncivilized children of Formosan aborigines in order to observe their sense of Form; this Test will be in accordance with the fundamental principles governing Formboard Tests.
  • 岡本 春一
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 921-939
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    This study consists of 3 parts:
    1). Number of letters written in a given time. (group-test.)
    Children were asked to write a Japanese “Kana” (for instance) as fast as possible, during a time of half a minute. The results of two thousand children (boys and girls) were arranged in percentile tables according to the difference of sex and school-grades.
    2). Analytical study of the peed of writing. Most of the Japamese letters (Katakana and Hirakana) Consist of 2 or 3 strokes, and to proceed from one stroke to the next, the pen is not in touch with the paper. So the time of writing a phrase or sentence may be divided into three parts: (1) the time when the pen is in contact with the paper.
    (2) intervals between the strokes of a letter and (3) intervals between letters.
    The time-measurements were made by means of a chronograph (unit,1/250 sec.), on some selected children of each a school-grade.
    3). Progress with age.
    The exact measurement of the time of writing was repeated for many years on a small number of children (five girls). Up to this year it has been continued for 8 years.
    Parts of results of this study were reported at the 2nd Congress of Japanese Psychological Association held in kyoto in 1929, and at the 4th Congress held in Sendai in 1933.
    Sonic conclusions:-The speed of children's handwriting increases rapidly in the lower grades and more slowly in the upper. The progress occurs chiefly in strokes and in intervals between letters. Intervals between strokes remain almost the same throughout all school-grades. in general girls write more rapidly than boys, but in the upper grades the latter lead the former.
  • 満二ケ月より六ケ月までの乳兒に試みたるウヰン式テスト法の追試
    岩井 勝二郎, 園原 太郎, 田寺 篤雄
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 941-957
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    We have tried the Ch. Buhler's “Kleinkindertests” upon 78 healthy babies, aged from three to seven months (number in detail, see Tab. I.) and got the results, as follows.
    1) The correlation of the chronological and the developnental age is 0.94±0.0003(Pearson's Product Momemt Method). Hence, We may accept these tests, generally speaking, as adequate for the babies in our country. Tab. I. Nmuber of children tested
    2) But, as shown in the developmental profils in Fig. I (see p. 949 in the Japanese section) there are some difliculties in the tests of sensory reception of babies over six months old. The remarkable fall of the profil of our seven months babies in the sensory reception seems rather due to the inadequacy of the tests than to the retardation on the side of children.
    3) Theprofil may also show a tendency that our babies are retarded in the bodily movements at first but become advanced at later. Whether this is an accidental result or not, must be determined with far richer data in future.
  • 田中 政太
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 959-969
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    This study is statistically taken from children's characters by questionnaire towards their parents who came appealing to Kobe Children Welfare Institute upon educational problems. Results
    1) Character types must be standarized by Extraverted and Introverted, adding with Conflicting and Harmonious dispositions.
    2) (a) Pure Extra. type concludes cheerful, excited, daring, violent, social, stubborn, quick, restless, and rough natures.
    (b) Pure Intro, type concludes gloomy, calm, timid, quiet, shy, obedient, slow, persistent, and minute natures.
    (c) Pure Confl. type concludes gloomy, excited, timid, violent, shy, stubborn, slow, restless, rough, and spoilt natures.
    (d) Pure Harmo. type concludes cheerful, calm, daring, quiet, social, obedient, quick, persistent, minute, and independent natures.
    3) Confl. type is apparently formed from Extra. and (or) Intro., being influenced by spoilt, and Harmo. type, by independent, respectively.
    4) Almost types are mixed, and groups of small numbers are numerous; % of each type are as follows:-Pure Exra. 5.3 Pure Intro 3.4 Pure Confl 4.8 Pure Harmo 0.3 Quasi “12.0 Quasi” 10.6 Quasi “5.7 Quasi” 5.7 Besides these, Common types(mixed with other types)are 11.7% and almost harnlonious.
    5) This study is taken from children's most of them were appealed for their abnormality (many of them are subnormal), therefore these results more or less trend to abnormal characters.
  • 赤松 保羅, 内田 勇三郎, 戸川 行男
    1935 年 10 巻 5-6 号 p. 971-984
    発行日: 1935年
    公開日: 2013/05/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    Our laboratory attempts to confirm the truth of Kretschmer's characterology, particularly taking normal subjects for the study.
    (1) Physical Habitus in Relation to mental Type Fifty subjects each, remarkably schizothymic or zyclothymic, were selected from among some 400, by means of Kibler's autodiagnosis; physical researches in the selected schizothymic were made by two methods: a physical measurement and Galton's composite portraiture. The result was that the schizothymic are inferior to the zyclothymic (the data of their physical measurement are omitted in this paper) in weight and thorax, while superior in height. The schizothymic were proved by composite portraiture evidently leptosomous, being rather approximate to leptosome than being athletic in their physique. As for their countenance, it is strongly marked with something impressive aristocratic, stern, callous, fantastic and unrealistic.
    (2) Result of Experimental Typo-Psychological Studies Eleven methods have so far been adopted for experimental psychological study of character. In addition to them, we took a step forward to observation of the characteristics of mental work by the method of Kraepelin's Addition. It was proved that the schizothymic display in most respects characteristics resembling dementia precox, which happened to indirectly indorse the pertinence of Kretschmer's view.
    (3) Heredity Eight subjects extremely inclined to schizothym were researched in regard to their hereditary mental traits as traced back three or four generations. The result of the researches was as below:
    (a) Schizothymic traits are dividedly marked in individuals belonging to the same lineage.
    (b) The physical habitus is inherited simultaneously with those mental traits.
    (c) Not infrequently such conspicuous mental characteristics as stinginess: capriciousness in vocation; roving habit; utter disregard of etiquettes, traditions and customs; pseudo-patrioticism; versatility, etc. are found repeatedly in individuals of the same lineage.
    (4) Schizothymic in connection with Introversion-Extroversion and Neurosis For this study we adopted to the same and one subject jointly Kibler's autodiagnosis, Thurstone's neurotic inventory, Woodworth psychological neurotic inventory, Freyd's introversion test and Neymann and .Kohlstedt's diagnostic test for introversion-extroversion. The result proved that the greater part of those in whom one of these traits; introversion, extroversion and neurosis, is remarkable also possess the two other traits to a large extent. Single existence of one of these types, however, is once in a while found in some cases, which brings us to the conclusion that the three character types should not necessarily be regarded as similar. Our further clinical study: namely, each individual's anamnesis, family history and life history may prove dissimilarity of the above three types.
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