心理学研究
Online ISSN : 1884-1082
Print ISSN : 0021-5236
ISSN-L : 0021-5236
38 巻, 3 号
選択された号の論文の7件中1~7を表示しています
  • 鹿取 広人, 名取 喜美子
    1967 年 38 巻 3 号 p. 121-136
    発行日: 1967/08/10
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    The present paper was to analyze experimentally how the immediate reproduction of tactually perceived geometrical figures was influenced by some factors of touching such as (i) the movement of the hand, (ii) the starting point of touching, and (iii) the extent in tactual surface and others, and to examine what S's drawing process in reproducing the figures were, in order to find out the conditions necessary for the tactile apprehension of figures.
    In Exp. I, the two conditions of touching were set; (a) the condition of active touch in which S with closed eyes was asked to feel actively, moving his forefinger once along the contour of the figures, and (b) the condition of passive touch in which S was asked to hold constantly the finger on the same position and to feel once, passively, the contour of the figures which were moved by E. The four starting points of touching were set in each stimulus figure (Fig. 1). After touching a figure S was asked to reproduce it with open eyes. The results were: (1) The apprehension of figures in Active touch was better than in Passive touch (Table 2 and Fig. 2). (2) Point a was the most favorable starting point of touching in the scalene square. In the square and the lozenge, the starting points and the conditions of touching were interacting, and the favorable points for apprehension varied with the variation of stimulus figures (Table 1 and Fig. 2). All these favourable points, however, coincided with the starting points or the terminal points of open eyed drawing of the same figure (Table 6). Thus they were relevant to the drawing processes of figures in some respects. (3) In both Active and Passive touch, most of the S's reproduced the figures in uninterrupted lines, repeating the same course as in the touching condition (“continuous reproduction”). On the other hand, “dividing construction” which one employed ordinarily with open eyes in drawing the figures, scarecely appeared (Table 4).
    In Exp. II a four segment (Table 7) and in Exp. II b eight patterns (Table 8) were used as stimulus figures. Besides the conditions of Active and Passive touch, the two conditions as to the direction of touching were set in each figure (Table 7 and 8). The results in Exp. II a were: (1) Only the perception of the orientation of the segments in Active touch was better than that in Passive touch (Table 7). (2) For the vertical and horizontal segments in the active condition, the directions of touching which were favorable for perceiving tend to correspond to those of drawing of the lines (Fig. 4). In Exp. II b, on the other hand, it was observed that (3) the perception of the angles contained by two segments, that of the orientation of each segment, and that of the equivalence between a vertical segment and a horizontal one were all better under the active touch condition than were under the passive touch condition (Table 8 and 9), (4) In Active touch of the stimulus patterns consisting of a horizontal segment and a vertical one, the touching in the direction opposite to that of the drawing was more favorable for the correct perception than the touching in the same direction as that of drawing, in contrast with Exp. II a (Table 8). (5) In Exp. II a and II b most of Ss employed the “continuous reproduction”.
    In Exp. III Ss were allowed to feel a figure freely to their satisfaction, with one finger, one hand or both hands, respectively. The results were: (1) As the condition of touching shifted from “single touching” (Exp. I) to “free touching” with one finger (Exp. III), the perception of a figure gradually improved (Fig. 6). (2) The increase of tactual surface, however, did not necessary result in the improvement of the perception of a figure (Fig. 5). (3) “Dividing construction” remarkably increased in every condition of Exp. III (Table 13). (4) It was suggested that if
  • 先行学習の程度と教示の影響
    北尾 倫彦
    1967 年 38 巻 3 号 p. 137-147
    発行日: 1967/08/10
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    The present study was designed to examine the transfer effect of mediated association with the paradigm A-B, B-C, A-C, and to test the hypothesis that the transfer increases with the amount of prior-learning and is facilitated by the instruction given to Ss reminding them of the mediating links.
    In Experiment I, ten undergraduate students in each of two groups learned the prior-learning list consisting of A-B, B-C pairs, which was followed by the test learning list. The test learning list contained three sublists for different experimental purposes; the facilitation sublist (A-C pairs), the interference sublist (newly paired A-C pairs), and the control sublist (new pairs). “A” items in prior and test learning lists were three-lettered alphabets and “B” and “C” items were three-lettered verbs. The amount of prior-learning was different for two groups; one group learned to the criterion of three correct responses, and the other group repeated five times the learning with the criterion of three correct responses for five days. The test lists were learned to the criterion of three successive errorless trials by both groups. It was found that the mediated association had significant transfer effect both in terms of the numbers of trials to various criteria and in terms of the number of correct responses. But no signifficant interaction was observed between the effect of mediated association and the degree of prior-learning.
    Experiment II was essentially a repetition of Exp. I, except that in this experiment there were associative chains between “B” and “C” items. And the results confirmed the conclusions from Exp. I.
    Experiment III was designed to examine the effects of the degree of priorlearning and the mediative instruction. The Ss were 35 high school girls in each of four groups. The Ss in Gr. 1 and Gr. 2 learned the prior-learning list for five trials, and the other Ss (Gr. 3 and Gr. 4) for fifteen trials. Following the priorlearning, the Ss in Gr. 1 and Gr. 3 were instructed to recall the chains in priorlearning list, while the other Ss (Gr. 2 and Gr. 4) were not. S-R pairings in each list were identical with those used in Exp. I and Exp. II. The results confirmed the transfer effect of mediated association, but unlike the results obtained from Exp. I and Exp. II, higher degree of prior-learning produced stronger mediated effect. Futhermore, it was revealed that the mediative instruction increased the effect of mediated association. These results were interpreted in terms of the learning stage and the cognitive set.
  • 山本 浩市
    1967 年 38 巻 3 号 p. 148-155
    発行日: 1967/08/10
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    The dynamogenic effects of various conflict patterns on subsequent conflict and non-conflict trials were studied.
    It is assumed that (1) the drive strength of the approach-approach type of conflict is rather easily reduced, since it consists of an unstable state of equilibrium, (2) those of approach-avoidance and avoidance-avoidance conflict patterns are difficult to reduce as they are of stable states, and (3) the blocking of the responses in the avoidance-avoidance conflict produces an effect of conflict reduction. Thus the strength of conflict drive in the subsequent trial will be the strongest in approachavoidance, the second strongest in approach-approach and the weakest in avoidance-avoidance. The response measures were response speeds and G. S. R. scores. The apparatus used was a modified version of the one devised by Hovland & Sears (1938).
    Subjects were instructed to approach a green light and to avoid a red light by manual response. Five trials of each type of conflict (approach-approach, approachavoidance and aviodance-avoidance) as well as 45 non-conflict trials were given to subjects in randomized order, with each conflict trials being succeeded by from 1 to 5 non-conflict trials.
    To control the novelty of two stimulus lights on conflict trials, each subject was presented two lights simultaneously at non-conflict trials (i.e. a red light on one side and a green light on the other side).
    40 male college students were served as subjects and they were divided into four groups as shown below;
    Group 1; the stimuli were continuously presented for 5 seconds and the response was allowed to start simultaneously with the onset of stimulation.
    Group 2; the response started with the onset of stimulation and the stimuli continued until the termination of the response.
    Group 3; the response started after the stimuli were presented for 5 seconds.
    Group 4; the stimuli were presented for 5 seconds, but subjects were not allowed to give any manual response to them.
    Comparing the response speeds of the conflict trials among Groups 1, 2, and 3, there was a statistically significant difference among the groups means. There was no significant interaction between the delay of the response and the type of conflict. In all groups response speed decreased with trials in approach-avoidance, but approach-approach and avoidance-avoidance showed the opposite trend.
    The difference in speeds among the subsequent non-conflict trials preceded by each type of conflict was not significant, but the speed was highest on the trials preceded by avoidance-avoidance.
    The results of the G. S. R. score would reflect the motivational effects of the conflict situations. The G. S. R. scores during 5 seconds of stimulus presentation in conflict trials in Groups 3 and 4 were high during approach-avoidance and approachapproach conflicts and low during avoidance-avoidance conflict.
    In the subsequent non-conflict trials, the G. S. R. score was the highest when preceded by approach-avoidance conflict, the lowest when preceded by aviodanceavoidane conflict.
  • 竹中 治彦, 岩本 隆茂, 倉田 美喜子
    1967 年 38 巻 3 号 p. 156-162
    発行日: 1967/08/10
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    Two experiments were conducted to examine whether Humphreys' effect observed in resistance to extinction after partial reinforcement could be explained in terms of the cue function of external stimulus conditioned to a response during acquisition.
    The bar-press of rat was rewarded with a food pellet under the conditions of fixed ratio schedule in a modified Skinner box, in which a bar and a food tray were placed on the opposite walls and the rat's responses to each of them were recorded separately.
    Throughout the acquisition and extinction of Experiment I, the cue stimulus was removed from the situation as much as possible, i.e., every bar-press of rat was followed by the click of food magazine whether it actually delivered the pellet or not.
    In Experiment II, on the other hand, the cue stimulus was presented deliberately, i.e., the bar-press of rat was followed by the click of magazine only when it was accompanied by the reward. Each of the two experimental groups, the one partially reinforced and the other continuously reinforced, was divided into two subgroups in respect to the stimulus conditions under which they were extinguished. Namely, every bar-press of rat in one sub-group was followed by the click of magazine, and in the other it followed consecutive four bar-presses.
    The results were as follows:
    1. Without the cue stimulus, there were fewer approaches-to-food-tray per bar-press the lower the reinforcement ratio (Fig. 1), and the approaches-to-food-tray were observed more often when the pellet was delivered than not delivered (Fig. 2 A). We could not, however, consider these facts as the evidences that the serial pattern developped in which an approach-to-food-tray was made following every two (or four) bar-presses in the group trained under the 1/2 (or 1/4) fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement (Fig. 2 B, 3).
    2. In the presence of the cue stimulus, distinct serial pattern was observed (Fig. 5 A, 6, 7), but it broke down as soon as the stimulus conditions were changed (Fig. 5 B, 9, 10).
    3. Humphreys' effect was clearly present despite the manipulation of the stimulus conditions (Fig. 4, 8).
    It seems futile to explain Humphreys' effect in terms of the cue function of external stimulus or internal stimulus conditioned to it.
  • 宗宮 保
    1967 年 38 巻 3 号 p. 163-165
    発行日: 1967/08/10
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 半円型装置における行動の諸相 (11)
    石原 静子
    1967 年 38 巻 3 号 p. 165-167
    発行日: 1967/08/10
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 1967 年 38 巻 3 号 p. 181
    発行日: 1967年
    公開日: 2010/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー
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