Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
Online ISSN : 1347-7439
Print ISSN : 0916-7250
ISSN-L : 0916-7250
78 巻, 11 号
November
選択された号の論文の21件中1~21を表示しています
Bacteriology
  • Marvin A. VILLANUEVA, Claro N. MINGALA, Michelle M. BALBIN, Chie NAKAJ ...
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1649-1655
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/07/23
    ジャーナル フリー

    The extent of Leptospira infection in large ruminants resulting to economic problems in livestock industry in a leptospirosis-endemic country like the Philippines has not been extensively explored. Therefore, we determined the prevalence and carrier status of leptospirosis in large ruminants using molecular techniques and assessed the risk factors of acquiring leptospirosis in these animals. Water buffalo and cattle urine samples (n=831) collected from 21 farms during 2013–2015 were subjected to flaB-nested PCR to detect pathogenic Leptospira spp. Leptospiral flaB was detected in both species with a detection rate of 16.1%. Leptospiral DNA was detected only in samples from animals managed in communal farms. Sequence analysis of Leptospira flaB in large ruminants revealed the formation of three major clusters with L. borgpetersenii or L. kirschneri. One farm contained Leptospira flaB sequences from all clusters identified in this study, suggesting this farm was the main source of leptospires for other farms. This study suggested that these large ruminants are infected with various pathogenic Leptospira species causing possible major economic loss in the livestock industry as well as potential Leptospira reservoirs that can transmit infection to humans and other animals in the Philippines.

  • Xiaohu WU, Shubao HOU, Quanwei ZHANG, Youji MA, Yong ZHANG, Wei KAN, X ...
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1663-1668
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    電子付録

    The prevalence of enterococci was examined in 280 milk samples collected from dairy cattle diagnosed with mastitis in three provinces of western China. Sixty strains of enterococci were isolated, and the species were determined based on their biochemical characters and 16S rRNA sequences. Resistance to seven antibiotic agents, frequency of seven virulence genes and pathogenicity in Kunming mice were tested to evaluate biological risks. The correlation between the number of virulence genes and pathogenicity in Kunming mice was also evaluated. The 60 isolates were allocated to Enterococcus hirae (68.3%), E. faecium (25.0%), E. mundtii (3.3%) and E. durans (3.3%). A total of 83.3% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin, whereas 15.0% were resistant to ampicillin, 15.0% to vancomycin, 6.7% to tetracycline and 25.0% to ciprofloxacin. Moreover, isolates exhibited 50.0% and 21.7% resistance to high levels of gentamycin and streptomycin, respectively. The gene asa1 was detected in all enterococcal isolates, whereas 66.7% of strains harbored three or more virulence factors and 56.7% were asa1-ccf-gelE-positive. In pathogenicity tests, isolates harboring numerous virulence factors did not show greater invasiveness than isolates harboring fewer virulence traits against Kunming mice. In conclusion, the number of virulence factors does not appear to predict the risk of enterococcal infection. Isolates were commonly resistant to penicillin and sporadically to ampicillin and vancomycin. These results suggest that the use of gentamycin, streptomycin and ciprofloxacin against enterococci should be avoided in mastitic cows. Additionally, the results demonstrate that the majority of isolates are sensitive to tetracycline.

Immunology
  • Veterinary Science Award Winner’s (No.118) Commemorative Review
    Takahisa MURATA, Toko MAEHARA
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1643-1647
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/08/05
    ジャーナル フリー

    Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin are one of the most frequently used classes of drug worldwide and inhibit prostaglandin (PG) production by inhibiting cyclooxygenase activity. Although NSAIDs are broadly used against inflammatory diseases, they have side effects including alimentary canal disorders, kidney damage, infection and cardiovascular disorders. Thus, it is necessary to elucidate the pathophysiological role of each PG in various diseases to develop better therapies with fewer and milder side effects. PGD2 is a PG that was identified in 1973 by Hamberg and is produced by the activities of cyclooxygenase and either hematopoietic or lipocalin-type PGD synthase. PGD2 exerts its physiological effects by stimulating two distinct G protein-coupled receptors, namely D prostanoid receptor (DP) and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). The physiological role of PGD2 remains controversial. Some studies have reported that PGD2 has bronchoconstrictory and pro-inflammatory effects inducing immune cell accumulation. In contrast, other groups have reported that PGD2 has anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the recruitment of dendritic cells and neutrophils. We have investigated the pathophysiological role of PGD2 using various disease models and reported on its anti-inflammatory actions. Here, we review the anti-inflammatory roles of PGD2 and the underlying mechanisms.

Internal Medicine
  • Naohito NISHII, Toru NOMIZO, Satoshi TAKASHIMA, Tatsuya MATSUBARA, Mas ...
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1657-1662
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/07/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    D-allulose is a C-3 epimer of D-fructose and has recently been investigated for its hypoglycemic effects. In the present study, the effects of D-allulose on glucose metabolism were evaluated in healthy dogs administrated sugar or food. The oral administrations of D-allulose decreased plasma glucose concentrations after oral glucose or maltose administration, with a diminished plasma insulin rise. The glucose suppressive effect of D-allulose was also observed after intravenous glucose administrations without increase in plasma insulin concentration. In contrast, D-allulose showed no effect on plasma glucose and insulin concentrations after feeding. The present results suggest that D-allulose administration may be beneficial in dogs with impaired glucose tolerance. Further studies investigating the therapeutic efficacy of D-allulose in diabetic dogs are required.

  • Izumi ANDO, Kaoru KARASAWA, Hiroshi MATSUDA, Akane TANAKA
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1709-1712
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/07/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    Serum nerve growth factor (NGF) levels are increased by the external stress in mice, humans and horses; however, similar variations have been unclear in dogs. Since dogs are usually subjected to conditions of work, exercise and activity as important partners of humans, we measured serum NGF levels post-exercise and compared them with serum cortisol levels, as a biomarker of physical stress. Serum cortisol levels were immediately elevated post-exercise and returned to basal levels within 1 hr. On the other hand, serum NGF levels were significantly increased 1 hr post-exercise and gradually returned to basal levels. Further research is necessary; nevertheless, we have demonstrated for the first time that serum NGF levels respond to exercise stress in dogs.

  • Mitsuhiro TAKAGI, Moeko KOHYAMA, Tetsushi ONO, Satoshi ADACHI, Daiji S ...
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1737-1740
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/08/05
    ジャーナル フリー

    One Holstein cow housed with 21 other cows exhibited clinical signs of pyrexia, anorexia and diarrhea along with severe hemoglobinuria. Hematological and biochemical analyses conducted before and after antibiotic therapy indicated severe hemolytic anemia and disruption of hepatic function. A general improvement in conditions was observed after an 11-day program of treatment comprising a regular dose of antibiotics and prescribed supportive therapies. A tentative diagnosis of bacillary hemoglobinuria was made based on the clinical and clinico-pathologic features on day 7. A molecular diagnosis was made by a PCR amplification of the flagellin gene of Clostridium haemolyticum using DNA extracted from the whole blood. The cow was diagnosed with the first recorded occurrence of bacillary hemoglobinuria of Holstein cattle in Japan.

Laboratory Animal Science
  • Jun KOTOH, Daiki SASAKI, Kozo MATSUMOTO, Akihiko MAEDA
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1683-1691
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/08/11
    ジャーナル フリー

    Type 2 diabetes is a polygenic disease and characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and it is strongly associated with obesity. However, the mechanism by which obesity contributes to onset of type 2 diabetes is not well understood. We generated rat strains with a hyperglycemic quantitative trait locus (QTL) derived from the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rat and a fa/fa (Lepr–/–) locus derived from the Zucker Fatty rat. Phenotypes for plasma glucose, and insulin levels were measured, and RNA and protein levels were determined using reverse transcription quantitative PCR and Western blot analyses, respectively. Compared with the obese control strain F344-fa (Lepr–/–), plasma glucose levels of the obese F344-fa-nidd6 (Lepr–/– and Nidd6/of) significantly increased, and plasma insulin levels significantly decreased. These phenotypes were not observed in the lean strains, suggesting that the Nidd6/of locus harbors a diabetogenic gene associated with obesity. We measured the expression of 41 genes in the Nidd6/of QTL region of each strain and found that the mRNA expression levels of the two genes significantly differed between the obese strains. The two genes, pleckstrin homology domain-containing, family S member 1 (Plechs1) and peroxiredoxin III (Prdx3), were differentially expressed only in the obese rats, suggesting that these two genes are involved in the mild elevation of blood glucose levels and insulin resistance in obesity.

Parasitology
  • Kei HAYASHI, Uday K. MOHANTA, Yuma OHARI, Tambireddy NEERAJA, T. Shant ...
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1745-1748
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/08/15
    ジャーナル フリー

    The aim of this study was to analyze the phylogenetic relationship between Explanatum explanatum populations in India and other countries of the Indian subcontinent. Seventy liver amphistomes collected from four localities in India were identified as E. explanatum based on the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal ITS2. The flukes were then analyzed phylogenetically based on the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial gene nad1 in comparison with flukes from Bangladesh and Nepal. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, the nad1 haplotypes from India were divided into four clades, and the flukes showing the haplotypes of clades A and C were predominant in India. The haplotypes of the clades A and C have also been detected in Bangladesh and Nepal, and therefore, it seems they occur commonly throughout the Indian subcontinent. The results of AMOVA suggested that gene flow was likely to occur between E. explanatum populations in these countries. These countries are geographically close and have been historically and culturally connected to each other, and therefore, the movements of host ruminants among these countries might have been involved in the migration of the flukes and their gene flow.

Pathology
Pharmacology
  • Hidenori KANDA, Takeharu KANEDA, Asami KATO, Takuya YOGO, Yasuji HARAD ...
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1673-1676
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/08/09
    ジャーナル フリー

    Eyes are supplied O2 through the cornea and vessels of the retina and iris, which are tissues characterized by aerobic metabolism. Meanwhile, there are no reports on the association between iris sphincter contraction and aerobic metabolism. In this paper, we studied the aforementioned association. Eyes from adult pigs of either sex were obtained from a local abattoir. A muscle strip was connected to a transducer to isometrically record the tension. O2 consumption was measured using a Clark-type polarograph connected to a biological oxygen monitor. Creatine phosphate (PCr) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents were measured in the muscle strips by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Iris sphincter muscles were measured in resting, contractile or hypoxic phases. Contraction was induced by hyperosmotic 65 mM KCl (H-65K+) or carbachol (CCh), and hypoxia was induced by aeration with N2 instead of O2 or by addition of sodium cyanide (NaCN). H-65K+- and CCh-induced muscle contraction, involved increasing O2 consumption. Hypoxia and NaCN significantly decreased H-65K+- and CCh-induced muscle contraction and/or O2 consumption and PCr contents. Our results suggest that the contractile behavior in porcine iris sphincter highly depends on mitogen oxidative metabolism.

Public Health
  • Kenta SHIMIZU, Sugihiro HAMAGUCHI, Cuong Chi NGO, Tian-Cheng LI, Shuji ...
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1677-1681
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/08/07
    ジャーナル フリー

    Zoonotic potential of a rat-derived hepatitis E virus (HEV), designated as HEV-C1, remains unknown. To evaluate the risk for HEV-C1 infection in humans, paired sera of 208 hospitalized febrile patients collected from 2001 to 2003 in Hanoi, Vietnam, were examined for IgG antibodies to HEV-C1 and genotype 1 HEV (HEV-1), which is common in humans. IgG antibodies to virus-like particles (VLPs) of HEV-C1 and/or HEV-1 were detected from 99 of the 208 convalescent sera in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IgG antibody titers to HEV-C1 antigen in 3 of the 99 sera were more than 8-fold higher than those to HEV-1 antigen. IgM antibodies to HEV-C1 antigen were detected in acute sera from 2 of the 3 patients in ELISA and Western blotting. However, no HEV genome was detected. Clinical information was available for 1 of the 2 patients. Hepatic enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, were mildly elevated (156 IU/l and 68 IU/l, respectively), and hepatomegaly was detected by ultrasonography. The patient recovered from the illness after 17 days. These results indicated that HEV-C1 or its variants infect humans in Vietnam and may cause acute febrile illness with mild liver dysfunction.

Surgery
Theriogenology
Virology
  • Tatsuya ANDO, Tadashi TAKINO, Kohei MAKITA, Motoshi TAJIMA, Masateru K ...
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1669-1672
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/08/05
    ジャーナル フリー

    Borna disease virus (BDV) is a virus that causes a neurological disease in domestic animals, including a variety of animal species in Japan. Few studies have examined the mode of transmission of this virus in cattle, and the exact mechanisms underlying the transmission of the virus need to be elucidated. This study aimed to examine the contribution of vertical transmission of the virus, which occurs when the virus is transmitted from the mother to offspring during gestation or birth. We used an epidemiological approach. The relative risk (RR) was calculated for cattle born to BDV sero-positive cows from farms with a higher within-herd prevalence of BDV (56.8%). We tested the sera of 1,122 dairy cattle from 24 dairy herds in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan, for BDV infection using the ELISA and western blotting method. The overall level of BDV sero-prevalence was 22.1%. Seroprevalence was significantly higher in closed-breeding herds that do not have buying in cows (39.7%) than in farms that restock cattle by buying in cows (4.4%, P<0.01). The overall RR of BDV vertical transmission from infected mothers to their daughters was 1.86 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.54–2.56). Our results show that vertical transmission contributes significantly to BDV transmission in the farms tested in this study.

  • Masayuki HORIE, Takumi AKASAKA, Sachiko MATSUDA, Haruko OGAWA, Kunitos ...
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1727-1729
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/08/08
    ジャーナル フリー
    電子付録

    Bats of the genus Eptesicus have several non-retroviral RNA virus-derived sequences in their genomes, among which an endogenous bornavirus-like L element, named eEBLL-1, was suggested to encode functional proteins in the hosts. However, the function of eEBLL-1 remains unclear due to a lack of appropriate investigation tools, such as cultured cells expressing eEBLL-1. Here, we established a continuous cell line, named HAMOI-EnK cells, from kidney of Eptesicus nilssonii. HAMOI-EnK cells are robust and could be passaged for at least 10 months. eEBLL-1 in the genomes of HAMOI-EnK cells retains an intact open reading frame. Additionally, eEBLL-1 is transcribed in the sense-orientation in cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate that eEBLL-1 is transcribed in cultured cells.

  • Takehisa SOMA, Makoto MATSUBAYASHI, Kazumi SASAI
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1731-1735
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/08/02
    ジャーナル フリー

    To investigate whether kokuvirus is present in Japanese dogs, we examined the fecal samples obtained from 94 diarrheal household dogs and 50 clinically healthy kenneled dogs by RT-PCR. The gene was detected in 37.2% and 48.0% in the former and the latter, respectively, suggesting that canine kobuvirus (CaKoV) is circulating among Japanese dogs. From the result of the latter, however, CaKoV may not be a primary pathogen. Furthermore, all gene-positive dogs were purebreds aged four months or younger. This finding suggests that CaKoV endemic is confined in multi-dog environments, and the dogs have a strong age-dependent resistance to CaKoV.

Wildlife Science
  • Sarad PAUDEL, Janine L. BROWN, Sharada THAPALIYA, Ishwari P. DHAKAL, S ...
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1713-1716
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/07/23
    ジャーナル フリー

    We compared cortisol and thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) concentrations between tuberculosis (TB)-suspected (n=10) and healthy (n=10) elephants of Nepal. Whole blood was collected from captive elephants throughout Nepal, and TB testing was performed using the ElephantTB STAT-PAK® and DPP VetTB® serological assays that detect antibodies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis in elephant serum. Cortisol, T3 and T4 were quantified by competitive enzyme immunoassays, and the results showed no significant differences in hormone concentrations between TB-suspect and healthy elephants. These preliminary data suggest neither adrenal nor thyroid function is altered by TB disease status. However, more elephants, including those positively diagnosed for TB by trunk wash cultures, need to be evaluated over time to confirm results.

  • Kyoo-Tae KIM, Seung-Hun LEE, Dongmi KWAK
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1723-1726
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/07/30
    ジャーナル フリー

    A 4-year-old female Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) housed at a zoo died without any prior clinical signs. During necropsy, numerous scattered, well-demarcated, yellowish-white, firm nodules were observed throughout the liver and lungs. Microscopic examination with periodic acid-Schiff staining revealed granulomatous inflammation in the liver and lungs. Liver granulomas were characterized by the presence of a connective tissue barrier and hyphae, and the centers of the granulomas showed signs of necrosis. Lung samples showed characteristics similar to those observed in the liver samples. The fungus was identified as Aspergillus fumigatus based on its appearance on Sabouraud dextrose agar, microscopic examination with lactophenol cotton blue staining and genetic sequencing. Therefore, zoo veterinarians should pay close attention to fungal infections in captive animals.

  • Mutsumi YAMAZAKI, Saeko YOSHIMOTO, Tomoko ISHIKAWA, Yumi UNE
    2016 年 78 巻 11 号 p. 1749-751
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/12/01
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/08/11
    ジャーナル フリー

    A postmortem examination revealed a large brain cavity in the right cerebral hemisphere of a 9-year-old male fennec (Vulpes zerda). The cavity was filled with cerebrospinal fluid and extended to the right lateral ventricle. Swelling and displacement of the right hippocampal area were also observed. Histologic examination revealed no evidence of previous infarct lesions, hemorrhage, inflammation or invasive tumor cells. Observation of the defective part suggested a local circulatory disorder during the fetal stage, although the cause was not detected. No neurological symptoms that could enable a provisional diagnosis were observed during the course of his life. This is the first report of asymptomatic porencephaly in a fennec fox.

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