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Type: Cover
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
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Type: Cover
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
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Susumu Yamamoto
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1187-1218,1328-
Published: July 20, 1989
Released: November 29, 2017
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During the mid-Qin period in China local economies were becoming independent in some provinces by the development of interlocal divisions of labour. In this article the author examines the economic policies of the central government in response to such economic decentralisation. The province of 四川, as well as 湖南, had played the role of rice-suppliers in the imperial market. While both 湖南 and 四川 continuously increased their rice-production, 四川 simultaneously introduced the cotton industry into its area. The rapid flourishing of this industry lead to the inter-related structure between agriculture and handicraft industry, and divisions of labour within 四川 emerged. Hence we can identify a tendency of the 四川 market-area to become independent from the imperial one. The responses of the central government to 四川 in terms of the provisioning of rice and monetary policy were as follows. As for the rice policies of the state, 委員採買, by which officials were sent to buy rice, was continued. In addition, 招商採買 (the purchase of rice by entrusted private merchants) was newly adopted. As a result, it gradually became unnecessary to store rice in a state warehouse, and after the reign of 嘉慶 the amount of rice in storage sharply decreased. By contrast only in 四川 did the amount increased. In terms of monetary policy, the central government ordered the large scale recall of 小銭 (a small copper coin of low denomination), and the prohibition of private coinage. While we observe that the 小銭 have been in wide de facto circulation as a local currency since mid-乾隆, 制銭 (specie, a copper coin) circulated again and for a relatively long time in 四川. In conclusion the Qin government acknowledged that the imperial economy had been established, and commenced 招商採買 by making full use of merchants. But the government would not permit local economies to become independent from the imperial one (e.g. the suppression of the 小銭 as a local currency). In 四川, the province which showed the strongest tendency to become independent, the policy of reinforcing the rice provision and of standardizing the currency were most strictly enforced. Thus 四川 province in the mid-Qin period was an arena of confrontation between of the local economic independence and economic re-integration by the state.
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Unkyo Tamura
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1219-1246,1327-
Published: July 20, 1989
Released: November 29, 2017
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Die Entwicklung der hoheren Madchenbildung ist eng verbunden mit dem Kampf um die Verbesserung der Stellung der Lehrerinnen. Im Deutschland des 19. Jahrhunderts konnen drei Entwicklungsphasen unterschieden werden. Die Napoleonischen Kriege brachten auch eine Neubewertung der gesellschaftlichen Rolle der Frauen, Industrialisierung und Urbanisierung schufen die okonomische und bevolkerungsmaBige Basis fur die Grundung privater hoherer Madchenschulen. Damit entstand der Lehrerinnenberuf als eine neue Erwerbsquelle fur Frauen. Spater richteten auch Stadte hohere Madchenschulen ein. An diesen offentlichen Schulen nahmen Lehrer die leitenden Stellungen ein, die Lehrerinnen waren ihnen untergeordnet. Den hierdurch entstehenden Konflikt und den Streit um die Bewertung der unterschiedlichen Ausbildung von Lehrer und Lehrerinnen, die durch die Weimarer Konferenz (1872) in die offentliche Diskussion ubergingen, fasse ich als zweite Entwicklungsphase auf. In der dritten Phase fing die Frauenbewegung unter der Leitung der Frauen selbst an und strebte nach einer Verbesserung der Lehrerinnensituation. Eine Gruppe Berliner Frauen (ihre Leiterin war Helene Lange) uberreichte 1887 dem preuBischen Unterrichtsministerium und dem Abgeordnetenhaus eine Petition, in der sie forderte, die Stellung der Lehrerinnen zu verbessern und Lehrerinnenausbildungsanstalten zu grunden. Diese Petition gab auch einen AnstoB, die Madchenbildung zu andern, und so wurden 1889 die ersten Madchengymnasialkurse eroffnet. Aber in der Frauenbewegung gab es zwei Richtungen, die eine bemuhte sich um eine Ausbildung, ,,getrennt aber gleich", die andere strebte nach der volligen Gleichheit von Frau und Mann. Mit der Madchenschulreform in PreuBen 1908 wurde einheitliche und verbindliche Richtlinien fur den Madchenschulunterricht und die Ausbildung von Lehrerinnen institutionalisiert.
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Shoichi Sato
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1247-1252
Published: July 20, 1989
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Masahiro Kiuchi
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1253-1260
Published: July 20, 1989
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Yukio Mochida
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1260-1267
Published: July 20, 1989
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1268-1270
Published: July 20, 1989
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1270-1271
Published: July 20, 1989
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1271-1272
Published: July 20, 1989
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1273-
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1273-1274
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1275-
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1276-
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1277-1278
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1278-1279
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1279-1280
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1280-1281
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1281-1282
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1283-
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1284-1285
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1285-1286
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1286-1287
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1287-1288
Published: July 20, 1989
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1288-1289
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1288-1289
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[in Japanese]
Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1290-1291
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Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1292-1325
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Type: Article
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
1326-1328
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Type: Appendix
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
App1-
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Type: Cover
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
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Type: Cover
1989 Volume 98 Issue 7 Pages
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