Leucocytozoon spp. are common avian haemosporidian parasites that can cause clinical symptoms with lethal cases in poultry worldwide. However, leucocytozoonosis has not been reported in domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in Japan. Two adult domestic ducks maintained in a zoological garden in Japan became lethargic, exhibited labored breathing, and died in July 2024. These ducks had hemorrhages in the visceral organs with splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. Megaloschizonts of haemosporidia were histologically observed in the spleen and other organs. Partial sequences of Leucocytozoon mitochondrial cytochrome b gene DNA were determined and classified as lineages known to infect wild waterfowl (Anseriformes). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first known fatal case of leucocytozoonosis in domestic ducks in Japan.

Exfoliative toxins (ETs) produced by staphylococci primarily target and cleave desmoglein 1 (Dsg1), a desmosomal adhesion molecule expressed in stratified squamous epithelia. A new ET gene was recently discovered in Staphylococcus felis, a commensal and opportunistic pathogen responsible for skin infections in Felidae. This study focused on characterizing ExfA, a protein encoded by this novel S. felis ET gene, examining its enzymatic characteristics, pathogenic potential, and prevalence. Recombinant ExfA eliminated immunofluorescence for Dsg1, but not for Dsg3, in the feline epidermis and directly digested the baculovirus-expressed extracellular segment of feline Dsg1. Additionally, recombinant ExfA digested mouse Dsg1α and Dsg1β, and when injected into neonatal mice, caused superficial epidermal splitting. Molecular modeling and docking analyses indicated that ExfA forms a closed oxyanion hole and is predicted to interact with the substrate in a manner similar to that of serine proteases. An epidemiological survey of feline skin isolates in Japan found that 46.7% of S. felis clinical isolates contained exfa, and culture supernatants from 71.4% of exfa-positive isolates digested feline Dsg1. In summary, S. felis ExfA demonstrates enzymatic activity that can degrade feline Dsg1, is frequently found in cat-derived S. felis strains, and may play a role in colonization and invasion of feline skin.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a severe respiratory disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm). A method combining PCR and restriction enzyme analysis (PCR-REA) is described in the World Organisation for Animal Health manual to differentiate Mmm from the related species Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri. However, the primers in the manual did not amplify the target region from an attenuated Mmm strain. Genome sequence comparison revealed mismatches between the primers and the target sequences of Mmm strains. Newly designed primers with corrected bases successfully amplified the target region from M. mycoides strains, and REA patterns distinguished the two subspecies. These results indicate that the new primers provide reliable Mmm detection and enhance preparedness for future CBPP outbreaks.

This study was conducted to characterize the spatial epidemiology and socio-economics of bovine brucellosis on dairy farms in the Kilinochchi and Mullaitivu Districts of Northern Province, Sri Lanka. A cross-sectional study involving bulk milk sampling and interviews using a structured questionnaire was conducted at 214 dairy farms. Milk samples were tested for Brucella antibodies using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Global spatial clustering statistics and SaTScan were also performed. The association between milk sero-positivity and socio-economic variables was evaluated using univariable analysis. Multi-variable spatial risk factor analysis was conducted using the integrated nested Laplace approximation selecting principal components (PCs) of land use and socio-economic and ecological variables with P<0.2 in the univariable analyses as explanatory variables. The crude and true herd-level prevalence was estimated at 12.1% (26/214; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.4–17.2%), and 11.2% (95% CI: 7.3% to 16.3%), respectively. The Cuzick and Edward’s k-nearest neighbor test found significant clustering at 8, 10, and 11 nearest neighbors; however, no local cluster was suggested by SaTScan. In the final multivariable model, the PC representing agricultural land as positive loading and forest land as negative was positively associated with brucellosis sero-positivity, whereas barn cleaning was negatively associated, suggesting good farm hygiene is important for preventing bovine brucellosis.

Although orthovoltage radiation therapy remains widely used in veterinary medicine in Japan due to its affordability and operational simplicity, accurate calculation of dose distribution is challenging. Treatment planning varies between practitioners and tends to rely on empirical methods. This study aimed to compare the effects of three different orthovoltage beam directions on dose distribution in feline nasal lymphoma using Monte Carlo simulations. CT images from five clinical cases were analyzed using three irradiation plans: Plan A (beam directed perpendicularly to the hard palate), Plan B (perpendicularly to the nasal bridge), and Plan C (from the oral cavity). Each plan used a 4 × 4 cm field and delivered a 10 Gy dose at 280 kVp. Doses to the tumor, brain, and both eyes were calculated. Mean dose for the tumor did not significantly differ among the three plans. Plan B resulted in significantly higher doses to the ipsilateral eye compared to Plan C, but delivered the lowest brain dose. Depth-dose analysis revealed a peak just above the bone at the beam entrance, followed by a sharp attenuation in all plans. These findings suggest that beam direction substantially affects dose distribution in orthovoltage therapy, particularly for organs at risk including superficial bones and overlying skin. Meticulous planning is essential to ensure sufficient tumor dose coverage while mitigating and distributing adverse effects, especially in complex regions like the feline nasal cavity.

Maternal cells and antibodies are present in equine colostrum, but their relationship with immune cells in foals after colostrum ingestion remains unclear. This study longitudinally analyzed immune cells in the peripheral blood of neonatal foals at short intervals and investigated their relationship with colostral immune cells. Eleven clinically healthy draft mares and their foals were examined. Foal blood was collected before colostrum intake (0 hr) and at 2–3, 6, 12, 36–48 hr, and 3 and 7 days after ingestion. Mare blood and milk (0, 36–48 hr; 0 hr milk defined as colostrum) were also collected. Mononuclear cells were analyzed by flow cytometry using cluster of differentiation (CD) 5, CD4, CD8, CD21, CD172a, and CD45RO, with double-staining for major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II). Total leukocytes and CD4⁺, CD5⁺, CD8⁺, and CD45RO⁺ cells significantly increased during the first week of life, whereas MHC II⁺ CD5⁺, MHC II⁺ CD8⁺, and MHC II⁺ CD45RO⁺ cells increased earlier at 12 hr. CD5⁺, CD4⁺, and CD8⁺ cells were more abundant in colostrum than in milk. CD8⁺ cells were more abundant in colostrum than in blood, whereas CD21⁺ and CD45RO⁺ cells were more abundant in blood than in colostrum, with no correlation. An early increase in CD8⁺ MHC II⁺ T cells before gut closure is a novel finding and suggests possible migration of colostrum-derived CD8⁺ T cells into neonatal circulation.

Hypoxia-inducible factor–prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) inhibitors stimulate endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) production and are used for the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans. In veterinary medicine, molidustat (MOL) has demonstrated acceptable safety and efficacy with anemia of CKD in cats. Roxadustat (ROX) is another HIF-PH inhibitor that has a longer half-life than MOL, allowing for less frequent dosing. Therefore, ROX may offer an advantage in improving medication adherence. However, the safe dose range and erythropoietic effects of ROX in cats remain unclear. In the present study, an exploratory pharmacokinetic analysis of single-dose ROX administration was conducted in healthy cats to assess its safety and erythropoietic effects. In addition, a repeated-dose study was performed to evaluate safety and tolerability during continued administration. In the single-dose study, no apparent adverse events were observed at doses ≤20 mg/kg; however, severe adverse events including vomiting and systemic clinical signs leading to death were observed at 80 mg/kg, indicating that high-dose administration should be avoided. Following ROX administration, increases in reticulocyte counts and serum EPO concentrations were observed, suggesting erythropoietic activity in cats. In the repeated-dose study, ROX administered at 5–8 mg/kg for six weeks was not associated with apparent adverse events based on clinical condition and complete blood count. These results suggest that this dose range may serve as a candidate for future clinical evaluation in CKD cats.

This study investigated breed-related differences in renal biomarkers in clinically healthy dogs, with a focus on Shiba Inu. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), creatinine, and cystatin C concentrations were measured in 23 Shiba Inu and 36 dogs of other breeds. Serum SDMA concentrations were significantly higher in Shiba Inu compared to other breeds. The median serum SDMA concentration (12.3 vs. 9.5 μg/dL) and reference intervals (8.3–18.4 vs. 4.4–14.6 μg/dL) in Shiba Inu were higher than those in other breeds. Serum creatinine concentrations were also higher in Shiba Inu, whereas no consistent differences were observed in serum cystatin C concentrations when body weight was partially matched between groups. These findings suggest that Shiba Inu may have a tendency toward higher SDMA and creatinine concentrations; therefore, when evaluating renal function in this breed, these biomarkers may need to be interpreted cautiously and in conjunction with other clinical assessments.

Canine Stargardt disease causes progressive retinal dysfunction leading to late-onset vision impairment and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The causative mutation, c.4176insC in the ABCA4 gene, has been identified in Labrador Retrievers. This study investigated the genotype frequency of this mutation in Labrador Retrievers in Japan, providing the first estimate for this breed population. Genomic DNA from 120 dogs was analyzed by high-resolution melting with real-time PCR. Of these, 65 (54.2%) were homozygous wild types, 51 (42.5%) were heterozygotes, and 4 (3.3%) were homozygous mutants, with a mutant allele frequency of 0.246. The high carrier rate indicates that the mutation is present at a relatively high frequency in the breed population. Genotyping may help identify individual genotypes and reduce the risk of propagation through breeding.

This study examined the impact of passive immunity at the herd level on survival probability during the first year of life for successful passive immunity (SPI) farms (n=19), <20% of the proportion of newborn calves with serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G concentrations of <10.0 g/L, and failure of passive immunity (FPI) farms (n=20) with ≥20%. The proportions of serum IgG concentrations on SPI farms were clearly shifted toward the high-concentration strata compared with FPI farms. SPI farms showed significantly (P<0.001) higher survival probability than FPI farms. These results suggest that having the proportion of higher serum IgG concentrations at the herd level may increase survival probability.

A 10-year-old cat presented with a 2-year history of nasal discharge, sneezing, and nasal planum swelling. Granulomatous rhinitis caused by Prototheca wickerhamii infection was diagnosed on the basis of histopathological and genotypic analyses of biopsy samples. Oral voriconazole was administered; however, it caused adverse effects and was discontinued. The lesion, initially localized to the nasal planum, progressively extended into the nasal cavities, destroying the cribriform plate and orbital bone and invading the orbit and olfactory bulb. Following local voriconazole injection into the lesion, neurological impairment associated with increased intracranial pressure was observed. Despite transient resolution of clinical signs after resumption of voriconazole administration via a gastrostomy tube, the cat died from disease progression 465 days after the initial visit.

Musladin–Lueke syndrome (MLS) is an inherited connective tissue disorder in Beagle caused by a homozygous missense mutation in the ADAMTSL2 gene. It is rare, but recognized globally. This report presents the first case in Japan definitively diagnosed via genetic testing. The 6-month-old male Beagle exhibited characteristic “tiptoe” gait, joint stiffness, lateral deviation of the eye socket, and undescended testes. At 10 months of age, bilateral Cryptorchidectomy was performed, and echocardiography revealed no abnormalities. At 12 months of age, the patient demonstrated progressive forelimb stiffness, chronic digital abrasions, and mild left atrial enlargement on echocardiography. As no curative treatment exists, we implemented symptomatic management using custom-made orthotic boots, which significantly improved the patient’s quality of life. The high probability that this condition remains underdiagnosed in Japan underscores the necessity to raise awareness among veterinary clinicians.

An 11-month-old neutered male mixed-breed cat was presented to the referring hospital with the chief complaint of progressive ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a well-defined, ovoid, solitary mass on the left side of the fourth ventricle. Immunostaining of surgically excised tissue led to a diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a central nervous system (CNS)-FIP presenting as a solitary fourth ventricular mass identified by MRI. CNS-FIP should be considered as a differential diagnosis when encountering cases of young cats with a solitary mass lesion in the fourth ventricle.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of small molecules such as water, glycerol, and urea. In mammals, 13 AQP isoforms (AQP0 to AQP12) exhibit tissue-specific expression. Over the past two decades, aquaporins (AQPs) have received considerable attention for their role in tumor biology. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) originates from stratified squamous cells and commonly affects the skin and oral cavity. SCC is prevalent in dogs and cats; however, no studies have reported an association between SCC and AQPs in these species. This study investigated the immunohistochemical expression of AQP1, AQP3, AQP5, E-cadherin, and Ki-67 in cutaneous and oral SCCs of dogs and cats. AQP1 and AQP5 were not expressed in tumor cells. In contrast, AQP3 and E-cadherin localized to the plasma membrane, primarily within island-like structures in both cutaneous and oral SCCs. Ki-67-positive cells appeared in small group and cord structures within tumor regions exhibiting reduced AQP3 expression. Therefore, AQP3 expression may be down-regulated in malignant tumor cells in SCCs of dogs and cats. These findings indicate that AQP3 may serve as a novel biomarker for assessing malignancy in SCCs of dogs and cats.

A 16-day-old male Japanese Black calf affected by skeletal dysplasia, a recessive genetic disorder characterized by marked enlargement of the limb joints due to epiphyseal enlargement. Histological examination revealed chondrocyte proliferation in both the humeral and femoral growth plates, with disorganized chondrocyte alignment and fewer bone trabeculae observed in the humerus. These findings suggest that the morphological changes of chondrocytes may be imbalanced during endochondral ossification at the growth plate. Joint enlargement was evident in the epiphyseal region at birth, despite the absence of articular chondrocyte hyperplasia. Although the details of the pathological mechanism remain unclear, cartilaginous epiphysis overgrowth during embryonic development or secondary ossification center expansion during endochondral ossification may cause the joint enlargement observed in this genetic disorder.

Corynebacterium ulcerans (C. ulcerans) is capable of producing diphtheria toxin and causing zoonotic diphtheria, with companion animals recognized as an important infection source. We evaluated the occurrence and diphtheria toxin status of C. ulcerans in canine and feline clinical specimens in Japan. Out of 244 Corynebacterium isolates, 18 were identified as C. ulcerans using the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and C. ulcerans-specific PCR, including 1 from a dog and 17 from cats. The nasal cavity was the most common isolation site (11 of 18 C. ulcerans isolates). Real-time PCR results from DNA extracted from bacterial colonies showed high concordance with MALDI-TOF-MS findings. Direct application of real-time PCR to clinical samples without prior culture may be considered in the future to enable more rapid identification of C. ulcerans. The tox gene was detected by PCR in 11 feline-derived isolates, and 9 of these demonstrated diphtheria toxin production in a toxigenicity assay evaluating cytotoxicity in Vero cells. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that 15 of the 18 isolates belonged to the same sequence type (ST337). These findings suggest that toxigenic C. ulcerans is more frequently isolated from diseased cats than from dogs in Japan, and that these strains exhibit low genetic diversity. Detection of the tox gene by real-time PCR would be useful for preventing human diphtheria, although toxin gene presence does not necessarily correlate with actual toxin production.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic pathogen endemic to Asian countries, including Japan. We previously demonstrated that a pair of amino acid residues, Gly₅₈₁ and Ser₉₃₄ in the Gc of SFTSV, are key determinants of virulence in type I interferon receptor-deficient A129 mice. However, whether additional viral factors contribute to strain-dependent differences in pathogenicity remains unclear. In this study, we further observed the pathogenicity of fourteen SFTSV strains, including newly isolated strains from SFTS cat cases, in A129 mice. Fatality rates ranged from 20% to 100%. Notably, all strains, including those with low fatality, possessed the virulent Gly₅₈₁ and Ser₉₃₄, suggesting that other substitutions influence to the pathogenicity. Focusing on Sh-F149 and Yg-F197 with reduced virulence (40% fatality), we found unique amino acid substitutions. Sh-F149 possessed Ile₇₄₅ in the Gc, and Yg-F197 exhibited Thr₁₇₂ in the non-structural proteins, Gly₂₀ and Arg₁₁₃ in the Gn, and Arg₃₀₇, Val₃₇₁, Pro₃₇₄, and Asn₁₆₁₀ in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. No significant differences in viral growth kinetics were observed among strains in Vero E6 and TLT cells, and phylogenetic analysis showed that all strains belonged predominantly to genotype J1. These findings indicate that neither in vitro replication efficiency nor genotype alone accounts for virulence differences in A129 mice. Taken together, our results suggest that strain-specific amino acid substitutions contribute to SFTSV pathogenicity and provide a basis for future mechanistic studies.

Carriage of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in wildlife is a growing public health concern. We isolated an extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from the feces of a wild bear collected in a persimmon orchard in 2025. The bear isolate exhibited resistance to ampicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the strain belonged to ST5044-OUT:H29 and harbored the bla_CTX-M-55 and other resistance genes integrated into the bacterial genome. Comparative genomic analysis showed close relatedness to isolates from a Vietnamese pig farmer and a Japanese slaughterhouse wastewater, with pairwise distances of 0–80 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. DNA metabarcoding revealed a diet dominated by wild vegetation, with a minor anthropogenic plant component. Thus, wild bears may contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli at the human–wildlife interface.

Hemilaminectomy is the most common surgical procedure for type I thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation (TL-IVDH). Despite the clinical relevance of postoperative morphological assessment to predict postoperative complications, only a few studies have evaluated long-term changes at the surgical site, such as those affecting the spinal cord and vertebrae, after hemilaminectomy for type I TL-IVDH. This retrospective study describes postoperative changes at the surgical site, including disk height, in dogs that had undergone hemilaminectomy and subsequently experienced late recurrence. Nineteen dogs were eligible for inclusion in this study. The disk height index (DHI) at the initial affected site was significantly reduced compared to the time of initial onset. The maximal spinal cord compression rate at the initial affected site at the time of recurrence decreased significantly compared to that at the time of initial onset. Two dogs had bone regrowth at the site of first surgery at the time of recurrence. No recurrence of disk herniation or spinal cord injury caused by bone regrowth was observed at the surgical site. In conclusion, structural changes such as decreased DHI and bone regrowth were observed at the surgical site a long time after hemilaminectomy, but these changes were not the direct cause of the neurologic signs observed at recurrence.

A 13-year-old Chihuahua presented with a distal forelimb soft tissue sarcoma and underwent surgical excision. To close the resulting large skin defect, a two-stage approach was performed using a basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)–impregnated artificial dermis composed of collagen gelatin sponge (CGS), followed by application of an acellular fish skin graft (FSG). After 10 days of bFGF-impregnated CGS application, uniform granulation tissue had formed, and an FSG was subsequently applied. Complete epithelialization was achieved 25 days after FSG placement without additional grafting. At 320 days postoperatively, no postoperative complications or local recurrence were observed. However, given the potential risk of promoting residual tumor cell proliferation, local bFGF use in malignant tumor-associated wounds should be restricted to carefully selected cases.

Neoplasia-related extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EHBO) is rare in dogs. An 11-year-old spayed mixed-breed dog had intermittent jaundice for several months. Imaging showed a lesion extending from the distal common bile duct to the major duodenal papilla. To relieve EHBO, transduodenal ampullectomy was performed, followed by partial duodenectomy including the papillary orifice and cholecystoduodenostomy. Histopathological examination revealed ampullary adenocarcinoma with invasion into the duodenal muscularis propria; margins were tumor-free. At >2 years after surgery, metastasis was not detected, and the dog remained clinically well. To our knowledge, this is the first report of canine ampullary carcinoma, suggesting that transduodenal ampullectomy can be useful for both palliative biliary decompression and the assessment of invasion depth to guide subsequent definitive surgery.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects about 1 in 100 people worldwide, yet its causes remain poorly understood. Environmental factors, such as perinatal lead (Pb) exposure, have been linked to neurodevelopmental disruption, especially during periods when the blood-brain barrier is immature. This study aimed to assess ASD-like behavioral outcomes in offspring following maternal Pb exposure during neurodevelopment using a C57BL/6J mouse model. Pregnant dams received 100 ppm Pb acetate in their drinking water from the second week of gestation until weaning; controls were given deionised distilled water. Male offspring underwent behavioral assessments at 5 and 9 weeks of age using the three-chambered Social-Nonsocial (S-NS) interaction test and the Morris water maze. Pb concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and real-time PCR was used to target Shank3, an ASD-associated gene. Lead concentrations were significantly elevated in the blood, brain, bone, liver, and kidney of exposed offspring, confirming effective maternal-foetal Pb transfer. However, no significant differences were observed between groups in behavioral performance or Shank3 expression. These findings suggest that perinatal Pb exposure at 100 ppm in the last trimester of pregnancy, under the conditions tested, does not induce measurable ASD-like phenotypes in male C57BL/6J mice. Further studies are warranted to investigate dose-dependent effects, sex-specific vulnerabilities, and the broader molecular pathways involved.

Squirrels (family Sciuridae; hereafter referred to as sciurids) are frequently treated with veterinary medical products, such as fipronil, a topically applied insecticide used for ectoparasite control; however, fundamental information on their drug-metabolizing capacity remains limited. In this study, we examined whether hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) profiles and microsomal fipronil metabolism differ among sciurids, Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris orientis), Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans orii), Pallas’s squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus), and laboratory rodents (Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus). We integrated sequence, expression, and functional analyses with a primary focus on CYP2C and CYP3A, key enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. No clear evidence of sciurid-specific loss or major divergence was detected in CYP2C/3A, and microsomal fipronil metabolic efficiency did not differ significantly among the examined species. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) revealed distinct hepatic CYP expression profiles beyond CYP2C/3A; notably, CYP2B represented <1% of total major CYP expression in the Eurasian red squirrel, a proportion lower than that observed in laboratory rodents. These findings provide baseline information on hepatic CYP profiles and microsomal fipronil metabolism in sciurids and may support future comparative studies of wildlife drug metabolism.

This study evaluated the utility of meat juice (MJ) from market-purchased pork in Japan and Vietnam for serological surveillance of mosquito-borne viruses, specifically Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Getah virus (GETV). We confirmed the presence of specific antibodies against JEV and GETV in the MJ samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus neutralization test. The lack of correlation between JEV- and GETV-specific optical density values suggests independent infections in Vietnamese pig populations. The high seroprevalence observed in Vietnam highlights the practical utility of MJ as a viable alternative to serum for effective large-scale arboviral surveillance in field settings. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive mosquito-borne virus control in swine health management.

Systemic amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis involves extracellular deposition of fibrils derived from serum amyloid A (SAA) and is typically associated with chronic inflammation. A 16-year-old male mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) developed lameness and presumed chronic vertebral osteomyelitis, progressed to recumbency, and died. Histopathology revealed Congo red–positive deposits with apple-green birefringence under polarized light in multiple organs, including the liver, spleen, kidneys, heart, and intestines. Immunohistochemistry confirmed SAA immunoreactivity, and mass spectrometry identified SAA-2 as the predominant amyloid protein, establishing systemic AA amyloidosis. No infectious agents were detected in examined tissues; however, vertebral osteomyelitis and pressure ulcers were considered likely sources of persistent inflammation, which may have contributed to the development of systemic AA amyloidosis. This represents the first reported case of AA amyloidosis in a mandrill, in which amyloid A was identified and confirmed by both immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry.