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2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
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2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
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Hiroaki OSAWA
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
1-35
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This article explores the relationship of Christian missionaries to British imperialism, particularly in relation to "humanitarianism" (a set of ideas that entails critical attitudes towards excessive exploitation of subjected peoples, as well as advocacy for improvements in the welfare of indigenous peoples). Special attention is focused on Wesleyan Methodist missionaries in Southern Bechuanaland during the late nineteenth century. In the early 1880s, Boer expansionism in Southern Bechuanaland led the Wesleyan missionaries stationed there to call for the British annexation of the region as a means of "protecting" the Tshidi Barolong people, among whom they had been working. However, soon after Southern Bechuanaland was annexed to Britain as the crown colony of British Bechuanaland, the Wesleyan missionaries came into conflict with the local settler community, which eventually culminated in the missionaries criticizing the colonial authorities, who had chosen to side with the settlers. In 1895, when the Cape Colony showed a strong desire to annex British Bechuanaland, the Wesleyan missionaries opposed the move in solidarity with the indigenous people, but later distanced themselves from the protest campaign after having realised that further participation might seriously injure the overall interests of their mission; and British Bechuanaland was eventually incorporated into the Cape. One of the intermediary factors within this complex relationship between the Wesleyan missionaries and the British Empire was humanitarianism, which included not only the sympathy shown by the missionaries toward the hardships of the indigenous people, but also various elements regarding the practical calculation of how best they could expand their missionaryenterprises. This was why missionary humanitarianism associated itself with different discourses within different historical contexts. Simultaneously, the Wesleyan missionaries believed that spreading western civilisation and Christianity in Africa would improve the welfare of indigenous people. In this sense, their humanitarianism came into close contact with cultural imperialism. These historical characteristics of humanitarianism complicated the relationship between the missionary effort and the empire in the political context, while strengthening their ties in the cultural context. Consequently, although humanitarianism served as a rationale for criticism against specific colonial policies, it was never sought as a means to oppose the British imperial regime itself.
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Yohei TAKASUGI
Article type: Article
2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
36-60
Published: January 20, 2013
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Following the Armistice which concluded the First World War, there occurred a strong international trend toward anti-militarism, and in Japan, as well, public opinion toward military downsizing gained traction. On the other hand, since Japan had not participated significantly in the actual fighting during the War, the Army's equipment was now utterly outdated in comparison with the armies of Europe and the United States, and a call arose for the modernization of the Armed Forces. Given these conditions, in 1925 Minister of War Ugaki Kazushige reduced the Army's strength by four infantry divisions and used the budget funding so released to modernize its equipment, thus accomplishing disarmament and modernization in one stroke. His political position was strengthened through this so-called "Ugaki Drawdown", and he was touted to be a promising candidate for Prime Minister. In 1925, returning to the post of minister of war in Hamaguchi Osachi's cabinet, Ugaki embarked on a second round of military reforms, which like his first arms reduction plan, aimed at disarmament combined with modernization. However, the plan ran aground after meeting fierce opposition from the General Staff, causing Ugaki to resign his position in the Cabinet. As to the question of why Ugaki's reform concept succeeded in the first arms reduction plan, but failed in the second, while the two plans have received considerable time and attention from researchers to date, they have focused mainly on each reform plan separately, and thus have had little success in clarifying the various factors which led to the success of one and the failure of the other. From this perspective, the author of the present paper compares the two reform plans on the basis of a sequential interrelationship, and attempts to clarify the various factors within and without the Army that destined each plan to success or failure, while examining the extent to which Ugaki and the General Staff were aware of those factors.
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Keiko HONGO
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2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
61-69
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Kenji BANJO
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2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
69-76
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Tokato FUJIWARA
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2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
77-85
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Chizuko TAKAO
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2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
85-89
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2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
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2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
91-92
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2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
92-93
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2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
93-94
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2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
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2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
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2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
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2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
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2013 Volume 122 Issue 1 Pages
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