Most industrial innovations in the past have been achieved by product-oriented research which brings forth a new product having new advanced intelligent functions. On the contrary, the pulp and paper industry is quite a matured one. There is almost no need to add to, and probably no way to alter, the valuable functions already in existence. Therefore, research and development within the pulp and paper industry unavoidably tends to be process oriented.
The basic differences between product-oriented research and process-oriented research were discussed. It was emphasized that top management policy and that of research and development must be in accord regarding the life cycle of the sales of goods and the understanding of differences between product-oriented and process-oriented research in relation to expected results.

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Management, costing, funding and coordination of research and development activities in Japanese pulp and paper industry are reviewed. R and D in Japanese pulp and paper industry are characterized by two main concerns : shortage of raw materials and demand of high quality products. Considerable effort has been paid to modify available manufacturing processes and machinaries to accommodate the use of various fibre resources. Paper makers are also impelled to carry out R and D in order to satisfy strict requirements of quality, price and service by the Japanese market. Technical challenges of Japanese pulp and paper industry in the decade to come are numerous and hard to find a solution. Joint effort by the industry, academic circles and government will be the key to strengthen R and D in future.

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The Technical Committee established in Japan Paper Association in 1980, in order to strengthen the technical base of the pulp and paper industry in Japan taking account of “the Vision of the industry in 1980s” prepared and reported in 1981, stated clearly the course to be taken by technical development and innovation and the direction of the study of themes common to all the sectors of the industry.
The committee brought forward 9 themes to be tackled immediately in accordance with the said policy and selected the next ones among them as calling for active promotion of technical R & D of the industry itself and set up Technical Study parts on September 10, 1982, accordingly.
1. Technology of direct causticization and that of heightening efficiency of recovery boiler.
2. Technology of high density paper-making and that of improving dry paper-making method.
The study party were joined by 18 pulp and paper producers and 8 machinery manufacturers, 26 companies in all, and intends to attain ultimate objectives of respective themes during 5 years from 1982 to 1986.

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Hokuetsu Ichikawa Mill started in 1920 and is located at the center of Ichikawa City, Chiba prefecture.
Now, the Mill has four machines (two printing paper machines ; capacity is 83 t/d, and two white coated board machines ; capacity is 320 t/d).
Mill site area is 53, 000 m² and buillding area is 25, 000 m² and employees are about 230.

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Study on alkaline papermaking has been carried out in Japan and some paper mills have already adopted the process. This paper describes several examples of alkaline papermaking in Europe and USA for guidance to apply the process in Japan.
In alkaline papermaking, Western countries have several different operating conditions as follows.
1. Calcium carbonate used in Europe and USA is produced from chalk, which is relatively soft and inexpensive, Accordingly, it does not abrade a plastic wire of a paper machine.
2. Water is weak alkali in many Western mills.
3. In Japan, we use calcium carbonate, especially ground calcium carbonate for alkaline paper making. They are produced from hard lime stone, causing abrasion of a plastic wrire of a paper machine.
Althogh, there are different operating conditions between Japan and Western mills as mentioned above, I hope that data and technical trend of Western mills in this paper will be a help to apply in Japan.

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In our study solid urethane resin was used as binder of stone powder. We studied this artificial stone roll which is combined solid urethane resin, silica sand and feldspar.
The main results obtained are as follows :
(1) Linkage between binder and stone powder is excellent because it is chemical linkage.
(2) Surface-chemical property of roll surface can be changed freely by combining oleophilic urethane resin, hydrophilic feldspar and silice which gets wet in water and oil.
(3) Release property from paper of top press rolls depends on surface-chemical property of roll surface. The best artificial stone roll of release property from paper was made for wood free paper.
(4) According to a series of experiments, we show the new theory about release property from paper.
The new theory is as follows :
The top press roll must not adhere to piling scum and release property of the roll must be excellent.
Granite can satisfy these requirements.
People say that the reason of good release property on granite is based on pinholes of granite.
We deny this theory.
The reasons are as follows :
(1) We observed the surface of granite with a electron microscope. There were a few pinholes on the granite.
(2) Binder has good release property but has not pinholes.
(3) Traditional artificial stone has many pinholes but release property of it is not good. As it cannot resolve pitch trouble, it cannot be used in newspaper machine because stock of newspaper contains pitch.
We think about the reason of good release property on granite as follows :
Pulp stocks contain not only cellulose but also resin as materials and additives. In other words, stocks contain hydrophilic materials and oleophilic materials.
Oleophilic material has good release property against hydrophilic material, and hydrophilic material has good release property against oleophilic material.
Granite consists of mica, silica and feldspar mainly.
Mica is oleophilic material. Silica gets wet in water and oil. Feldspar is hydrophilic material. In other words, granite is the natural composite material. Good hydrophilic and oleophilic balance of granite shows good release property for paper which contains hydrophilic material and oleophilic material.
According to above understanding, we think that there would be the best combination of fillers for each paper.
For example, in the case of wood free paper which contains little pitch, it is good to use oleophilic particles and in the case of newspaper which contains much pitch, it is good to use oleophilic particles mixed with hydrophilic particles.

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クラフトパルプの漂白廃水中で同定した主要成分は, シュウ酸, ジクロロマレイン酸, クロロフマル酸, クロロマレイン酸などの脂肪族カルボン酸であり, 主にパルプ中のリグニンに由来する。本実験では, 凝集沈殿処理, 活性汚泥処理および吸着剤処理におけるこれらの成分の挙動を検討した。
脂肪族カルボン酸の凝集処理による除去率は, 0%から80%と化合物によって大きく異なっていた。この相違は各カルボン酸と凝集剤とから生成するキレート化合物の安定性の違いに基づく。ジクロロマレイン酸, トリクロロ酢酸およびシュウ酸を除くカルボン酸は, 活性汚泥によって分解された。ジクロロマレィン酸およびトリクロロ酢酸は活性汚泥処理によって除去されないが, シュウ酸の場合は活性汚泥の凝集作用によって, 約50%が除去された。塩素化カルボン酸は吸着剤処理では除去されなかった。

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この第7報では, 第5報で得た数式モデルを用いて古紙備蓄策の評価を行った。古紙市場の動的な側面を表現したこの数式モデルの構造的な特徴をまず要約した上で, 古紙価格を適正水準に維持することを考えたフィードバックおよびフィードフオワード策を提案し, シミュレーションを行った。この結果から, 古紙備蓄策が, 古紙価格を中位安定化するための有効な方策ではないということが推測された。

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Shikishima Canvas Co., Ltd. was established in 1897, and started its production as the first duck manufacturing company in Japan.
Moreover, in 1908, it produced the first Dryer Canvas in our country, and since then it has paticularly kept pace with the great strides and technical innovation in the paper-making industry.
Shikishima Canvas is the largest and most unique manufacturer of textiles for industrial materials, such as Dryer Canvas, Corrugating Belt and Filter Cloth in Japan.
Presently, it has one head office in Osaka, one branch office in Tokyo and three mills in Suzuka, Ohmi-Hachiman and Kusatsu. The employees are about 600.

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