Six mill personnel in charge of papermachine operation and four engineers of felt suppliers discussed on various technical aspects of papermachine felt performance. The topics covered were as follows.
1. Experience in felt selection for newsprint machines and fine papermachines.
2. Suppliers' follow-up to improve performance requested by an operating side.
3. Technical needs for the felt of the future
*Felt for ultra-light weight newsprint production.
*Preventing fiber fall-out from felts in alkaline papermaking.
*Felt cleaning under the presence of wet end additives.
*Felt mark control
*Felt for a high speed and wide papermachine

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Japan Small Business Corporation has established and opened the automated and manpower saved Tesukiwashi (Japanese Handmade Paper) production system after three years' development and trials since 1992.
The target of the development was to automate the dewatering and forming device of the conventional Tesukiwashi production process and to reduce the manpower without sacrificing any aesthetic properties of the conventional Tesukiwashi.
In the demonstration of the prototype Tesukiwashi machine, the Gasenshi (calligraphy paper) has been produced without any trouble, keeping the aesthetic property same as the original Tesukiwashi.
The automated Tesukiwashi machine will be easily applied for any kinds of Washi (Japanese Paper) by modifying the wire shaking device so as to meet properties of each Washi.

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Ozone bleaching applied to secondary fibers represents a new area of development for the recycled paper industry. The objective of this paper is to present data related to ozone-based bleaching technology. For this purpose, wood-free deinked office waste (low mechanical pulp content) was bleached by 13 different methods. The comparison includes Air Liquide's reductive-oxidative proprietary process called Redoxal^TM and other chlorine-based or chlorine-free bleaching alternatives.
The results show that reductive-oxidative, ozone-based bleaching sequences are able to produce pulp with excellent optical and mechanical properties at very competitive chemical cost, providing an efficient alternative for TCF bleaching of recycled fibers for market pulp, tissue, and printing and writing products.

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This presentation summarizes the experiences of operation of a high consistency ozone bleaching plant for two and half years at Union Camp's Franklin, Virginia mill. The new 900 ADMT/D, kraft softwood bleaching facility utilizes the sequence of O-Z- (EO) -D and is an industry pioneer plant in high consistency ozone bleaching. The installation is also pioneers the operation of a long loop ozone gas recycle system from a pulp bleaching stage, and in the complete recycle of oxygen, ozone, and extraction stage effluents. The commercial facility is satisfactory operating while demonstrating outstanding environmental emission reductions, bleaching cost that are lower than existing technologies, and excellent resulting pulp quality.

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The energy consumption and energy saving of the pulp and paper industry in 1994 are reviewed.

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To clarify the quantitative relationship between print mottle and starch migration in the coated layer of coated paper, we have developed a new analytical method to determine the in-plane starch distribution of coated paper to the resolution of millimeter.
The method, named Iodine Vapor Coloring Method, is summarized as follows :
(1) Expose a piece of coated paper to iodine vapor, then to water vapor. The coatedlayer becomes colored after the treatment.
(2) Measure the color density of the colored coated layer by using a spot of 1.2 mm² of 530nm light. The measurement was consecutively carried out 80 times in one direction.
(3) The fluctuation of the starch concentration on the surface of the coating layer was quantitatively evaluated by the deviation of measured color densities.
The method was applied to coated papers, and it was found that the obtained deviations were in good agreement with the mottle level of the same papers independently determined by an expert of the printing business. The color patterns appeared on the coated paper by this method and those appeared after the actual printing operation matches very well.
From these studies, it is concluded that one of the major factors that govern the level of the print mottle is indeed the migration of starch in the coated layer.

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A new procedure to analyze lignin distribution in wood and pulp by using EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer) was studied by treating specimen with osmium tetra oxide in vapor phase, comparing with both bromination and mercurization procedures. It was found that the lignin could be tagged with the osmium by exposing the specimen to osmium tetra oxide vapor for over 24 hours. So, the lignin distribution in the specimen could be observed by detecting the osmium with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer.
This osmium staining procedure showed fairly good agreements with the bromination and the mercurization procedures and the treatment of osmium tagging was easier than those of bromination and mercurization.

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Pulp properties were predicted by regression equations using weighted averages of wood properties at given heights under 3.3 m, which were suitable to take an increment core, and using whole-tree wood properties. And the most appropriate height was examined for the core sampling in order to do quality breeding of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. globulus as pulpwood.
As pulp properties, pulp yield, sheet density, burst factor, breaking length, tear factor, folding endurance, unbleached brightness and kapper number were nominated. And as wood properties, basic density, chemical determination of wood components, lignin syringyl/guaiacyl ratio and neutral sugar mol % constituting hemicellulose were utilyzed.
The most appropriate heights were 2.32.8 m above ground for E. camaldulensis, and 2.8 m for E. globulus against pulp properties, and 2.8 m for both species against pulpwood productivity because predicted values at those heights were almost all within predicted whole-tree values ± 3 %.
Consequently, the most suitable heights to take an increment core were decided as 2.8 m above ground for both species. And the whole-tree pulp properties and pulpwood productivity were able to be estimated using one increment core with chemical analysis only.

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