Sheep produce large amounts of short-chain fatty acids in their rumen which, during absorption through rumen epithelium, are partly converted into other substances. The present study was designed to elucidate how these transformations are influenced by the presence of glucose in the normally fed, starved and alloxan diabetic sheep. The transfers of ¹⁴C to glucose, CO₂, ketone bodies and various fractions of lipids from ¹⁴C-acetate, ¹⁴C-propionate and ¹⁴C-butyrate were measured by using the rumen epithelium of sheep, in vitro.
1) The transfer of ¹⁴C from ¹⁴C-acetate into CO₂ and lipid fractions except NEFA was increased by the glucose addition and the formation of ¹⁴C-glucose, ¹⁴C-ketone bodies and ¹⁴C-NEFA from ¹⁴C-acetate was decreased by the glucose addition in the rumen epithelium of normal feeding sheep. In the rumen epithelium of starved sheep, the transfer of ¹⁴C from ¹⁴C-acetate into CO₂, ketone bodies and lipid fractions except NEFA was increased by the glucose addition, and the formation of ¹⁴C-glucose from ¹⁴C-acetate was decreased by the glucose addition. In the rumen epithelium of alloxan diabetic sheeps, there was no effect of the glucose addition on the transfer of ¹⁴C from ¹⁴C-acetate into all these fractions.
2) In the rumen epithelium of normally fed and starved sheep, the transfer of ¹⁴C from ¹⁴C-propionate into CO₂, triglyceride and phospholipid was increased by the glucose addition and the formation of ¹⁴C-glucose from ¹⁴C-propionate was decreased by the glucose addition. But there was no effect of the glucose addition on the transfer of ¹⁴C from ¹⁴C-propionate into the all these fractions in the rumen epithelium of alloxan diabetic sheep.
3) In the rumen epithelium of normally fed and starved sheep, there was no effect of the glucose addition on the transfer of ¹⁴C from ¹⁴C-butyrate into all fractions. In the rumen epithelium of alloxan diabetic sheep, the transfer of ¹⁴C from ¹⁴C-butyrate into the ketone bodies was increased by the glucose addition and there was no effect of the glucose addition on the transfer of ¹⁴C from ¹⁴C-butyrate into glucose, CO₂ and lipid fractions.
As mentioned above, the glucose had various effects on the metabolism of shortchain fatty acids in rumen epithelium of sheep and these glucose effects were changed by starvation and alloxan treatment.

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Thirty adult patients with histologically confirmed chronic thyroiditis were examined clinically and histologically to evaluate clinical, laboratory and histological correlations. In all cases, serum TSH was determined by radioimmunoassay prior to biopsy and other laboratory data were also obtained before the start of treatment.
The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the value of the serum TSH as follows. Group I : TSH more than 50, μu/ml, Group II : TSH 49-10 μu/ml, Group III : TSH below 9 μu/ml. As laboratory data, protein bound iodine (PBI), T3-resin sponge uptake (T3-RSU), antibody titer against thyroglobulin by tanned red cell agglutination were measured in all cases. Thyroidal I¹³¹-uptake (per cent dose in 24 hours) was determined in 26 cases. The tissues for histological studies were obtained by open operation and microscopical sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The estimated histological features included follicular atrophy, diminution of colloid, active destruction of the follicles, hyperplasia and proliferation of the follicular epithelial cells, Hürthle cell formation, giant cells in the follicles, formation of the lymphoid follicles, diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells, diffuse interfollicular fibrosis, inter-lobular fibrosis and vascular changes.
1. Clinical Observations
The marked predilection for females was evident, only one patient being male. The average age in Group I was slightly younger than that in the other groups. In Group I, 8 of the 9 patients revealed some clinical symptoms of hypothyroidism. In the other two groups, many patients were clinically asymptomatic. Duration of goiter showed no significant difference among the groups and there was no intimate correlation between duration of goiter and laboratory findings.
2. Laboratory Observations
Serum PBI was lower in Group I and several cases in Group II and III revealed a higher value than normal range. No significant correlation was noted between clinical thyroidal state and values of PBI and T3-RSU. A positive correlation was noted between I¹³¹-uptake and serum TSH level. Thyroid tanned red cell antibody was estimated to be positive in 7 cases, but this showed no close relationship with other laboratory or histological findings.
3. Pathological Observations
The cases were divided into two types according to Woolner's classification; focal and diffuse thyroiditis. Diffuse thyroiditis was further classified into three types on the basis of cellular infiltration and fibrosis; lymphoid type, mixed type and fibrous type. No significant correlation was observed between TSH level and histologically divided types.
In Group I, atrophy of the follicles were more advanced and inverse relationship was noted between follicular atrophy and serum levels of TSH.
Contrary to our assumption, there was no intimate correlation between hypertrophy and proliferation of the follicular epithelium and TSH levels, nor between thyroid antibody and plasma cell infiltration. In two patients with long standing struma, Hürthle cell formation was prominent.
Elevation of TSH in chronic thyroiditis seemed to be a secondary phenomenon due to diminished production of thyroid hormone. Measurement of serum TSH was the most useful tool to detect mild hypothyroidism and to determine the necessity of therapy.
A hypothesis was offered as to a possible participation of TSH in progressive changes in chronic thyroiditis.

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Among the goiters operated upon in this department during the last 16 years, 1095 cases of adenoma and 292 cases of adenocarcinoma were studied macroscopically and microscopically. The specimens were cut serially when necessary, after careful observation of the cut-surface of the tumor. The sections were stained by H-E, Azan-Mallory, van Gieson, and PAS methods.
The sections revealed that thyroid adenoma takes the following three courses. The first is the course that the adenoma remains as a solid tumor without any changes. Thirtyfour percent of the adenomas was solid and sixty-six percent showed cystic degeneration. Cystic degeneration is also one of the main courses of adenoma. Tendency for cystic degeneration was higher in the mature type of adenoma, such as colloid adenoma and simple adenoma than in the immature type, such as trabecular adenoma and tubular adenoma. Scarring of adenoma occurred in 36 out of the 1095 adenomas (3.3%). The scarring, beginning with capsular thickening, was observed frequently in the mature type of adenoma, and that, beginning at the center of the adenoma, was observed in all types of adenoma, especially in the immature type.
In histological analysis of the adenocarcinomas, the findings suggesting that the carcinoma developed from solid adenoma were observed in 11 cases which is 3.8% of the total number of the adenocarcinomas. Another finding suggesting that the carcinoma developed from the epithelium involved within the scar tissue of adenoma was observed in 20 cases which is 6.8% of the total number of the adenocarcinomas. Cancer growth from the adenoma tissue remains at the wall of the cyst was strongly suggested but it was not proved histologically.
These results can be summarized that adenoma will take any one of the three benign courses which may play a precancerous role.

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This study was carried out in order to investigate the relationship of the abnormal lipid metabolism in diabetes mellitus to the development of the histopathological changes of liver and kidney. After totally pancreatectomized, seventy male young mongrel dogs were fed on high fat or normal diet, and were controlled well or poorly by insulin injections for one to ten months. The blood sugar levels, serum lipid determinations and histological studies of liver and kidney were observed at certain intervals for ten months. At the early weeks abnormal serum fraction was determined in the poorly controlled, depancreatized group.
In the same group, fatty degeneration was observed at one month and glomerular changes at four months. These abnormal histological findings were more accentuated in the group fed on a high fat diet and more lightened in the group controlled with insulin injections.
According to the present experimental results, it was suggested that the histopathological changes of liver and renal glomeruli in diabetes mellitus could be caused by abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism which resulted from insulin deficiency.

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Recently the following decapeptide sequence for porcine luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) was proposed by Schally's group : (Pyro) Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu Arg-Pro-Gly-NH₂. According to this report, many investigators have succeeded in synthetizing LRF and this synthetic LRF is now available for clinical study. Then, synthetic LRF (MO-1208 and DB-2521) was tested in the human being. Two hundred micrograms of synthetic LRF was injected into the following 21 women and serum LH and FSH response was tested by double antibody radioimmunoassay : 4 volunteers of follicular phase, 4 volunteers of luteal phase, 5 anovulatory females of amenorrhea with estrogenic activity and 8 anovulatory females of amenorrhea without estrogenic activity. Single iv injection of 200 micrograms of synthetic LRF induced a significant increase in LH release into the blood within 30 minutes and an increase in FSH release within 45 minutes in 20 of 21 subjects. Only one exception was a case of hypopituitarism and no response of LH and FSH release was to be found after injection. This study demonstrate that synthetic LRF will be utilized effectively for the study on the function of hypothalamopituitary gonadal axis.

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The ultrastructural changes of the endometrium early in the normal pregnancy were observed to clear the function of the endometrium that is preparing for the reception of the fertilized ovum.
Though the mechanism of ovum implantation is differ from species to species, it is reasonable to assume that there should be some common events in the fundamental aspects.
We wish to describe the functional meanings of these ultrastructural changes with histochemical findings of some enzymes such as ALPase, ACPase and ATPase, which are important substances related to the cell membrane permeability, secretion and absorption of the cell and the transport of cellular material.
The virgin. Wistar strain rats were laparotomized under light Nembutal anesthesia and the uterine horn was excised immediately and was sliced and fixed in paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde. Then it was rinsed in buffer and was postfixed in 0s04 and processed for electron microscopy.
The observation was made mainly in the antimesometrial site of the endometrium on each day of early normal pregnancy from day L2 to day L5.
The histochemical preparation was made after Gomori's method for ALP and ACPase, and Wachstein-Meisel's method for ATPase.
1) On the day L2, the ALPase activity was mainly located in the luminal epithelia and the blood vessel wall.
The free surface of the luminal epithelia was covered with rather regular arrangement of microvilli and they were definitely covered with the filamentous structure.
The dilated microvilli was observed in the glandular epithelium and the stromal edema has already appeared.
2) On the day L3, the ATPase activity was increased in the luminal epithelia and the blood vessel has high activity of ALP and ATPase.
The microvilli in the luminal epithelia has the tendency to shorten and the filament-ous structure was disappeared.
The remarkable increase of the apical vesicles was the prominent feature and the well developed Golgi complex and dilated granular endoplasmic reticulum were also observed.
The basement lamina revealed marked tortuosity.
The stromal edema has increased and the cytoplasma of the stromal cell was enlarged and has developed organella.
The glandular lumen has many fine granules.
3) On the day L4, the subepithelial stroma showed marked ALPase activity and the ATPase activity has also appeared.
The microvilli and apical vesicles has obviously decreased in the luminal epithelia and there was translocation of the lipid droplet to the supranuclear region.
The lysosome became complicated in its structure and increased in its number.
The ribosome has progressively increased prominently and the dilated granular endoplasmic reticulum was filled with moderate electro-dense substance.
The electron density of the glandular lumen was in its peak and it was occupied with that fine granules.
4) On the day L5, the enzymic activities were more increased in the anti-mesometrial stromal cells. The surface of luminal epithelia was entirely covered with irregular cytoplasmic protrusions and the supranuclear lipid droplet has increased in its number.
The electron density and the number of lysosome have increased.
The basal lamina was rather straight at this time but it was completely intact.
The stromal edema has decreased and the stromal cells were connected with desmosome.
Fibrillar material and cilium were also observed in the stromal cells.
The electron density in the glandular lumen has decreased and the some mitochondria of the glandular epithelia showed low electron density and was dilated.
Similar changes were observed in the luminal epithelia in the mesometrial site, but the stromal edema in this site was more prominent and the cytoplasma of the stromal cell was not well developed.

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