日本海水学会誌

海と気象

木村龍治

2007 年 61 巻 2 号 p. 89-94
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2013/02/19

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11457/swsj1965.61.89

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Seventy percent of the lower boundary of the atmosphere is contact with sea surface where heat and water vapor are supplied to the atmosphere. On the other hand, the wind stress at the sea surface induces the wind-driven circulation inside of the oceans which transports and mixes heat inside of the oceans. The variation of sea surface temperature are caused by both the atmospheric and oceanic processes. These features imply that the atmosphere and the oceans are a coupled system which is the basis of the Earth environment. This overview shows how the oceans give various influences to the atmospheric processes.

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海を越える大気汚染

成田祥, 植松光夫

2007 年 61 巻 2 号 p. 95-101
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2013/02/19

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11457/swsj1965.61.95

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As a result of rapid economic growth in the East Asia, emission of anthropogenic substances has been increasing compared with other regions in the world. Air pollution in the Asian continent is more serious than that in Japan well controlled under the anti-pollution laws. In addition, the air pollution influences the remote area of the North Pacific far from the sources over the East Asia due to its long range transport. Natural substances such as mineral dust are modified their chemical and physical properties by reacting with anthropogenic substances and sea salt particles during the transport over the ocean. The denatured crustal substances may change marine ecosystems in the open ocean, e. g. HNLC (High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll) regions of the oceans will be affected by resulting in long range transport and deposition of crustal substances with anthropogenic substances.

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海塩粒子の生成と化学・物理的性質

三浦和彦

2007 年 61 巻 2 号 p. 102-109
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2013/02/19

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11457/swsj1965.61.102

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Production of sea salt particles is essential in the marine atmosphere. Importance of changing chemical and physical properties of sea salt particles is paid attention to the atmospheric science community as important factors for global climate changes. Empirical equations of the relationship between weight concentration and wind speed obtained by many investigators were not agreed well. This discrepancy is caused by that production rate depends not only on wind speed but also on salinity and water temperature, and by that the removal processes are complex. Therefore, annual average source strength reported in IPCC 2001 is also thought to have a large uncertainty. The chemical composition of the sea salt particles is different from that of seawater although sea salt particles were produced directly from seawater. The reaction of sea salt particles with acid substances (such as sulfur dioxide gas) modified the original seawater composition on the liquid sea salt particles. Under the remote marine atmosphere, there is an effect of suppressing the new production of sulfate particles from sulfur dioxide originating from DMS gas emitted by marine biota in seawater. Moreover, the modified particles exist as internal mixture particles, and the physical properties (such as humidity, optical) are quite different from those of the external mixture particles. To know the properties of various particles in the marine atmosphere will improve the estimates of the radiative forcing on the climate changes.

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農作物における塩害「潮風害」の特徴

山本晴彦

2007 年 61 巻 2 号 p. 110-117
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2013/02/19

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11457/swsj1965.61.110

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“Saltdamage” in Crop is classified into three,(1) salt water damage,(2) salt wind damage, and (3) salt soil damage, according to the difference in a generating mechanism.This paper, it introduces about the characteristics of the salt wind damage by the typhoon 0415. Typhoon 0415 (T0415, MEGI) passed through the Sea of Japan coast of Hokuriku and Tohoku Districts on August 19-20, 2004. Agust of wind stronger than 30m/s was recorded in the coastal region, and a gust of wind at 38.3m/s, 39.6m/s, and 41.1m/s was observed in Aikawa, Sakata, and Akita, respectively. However, there was little rainfall before and after the passage of the typhoon. Consequently, the adhering salt entered the rice plant, and salty wind damage occurred by drying up the cells. Near the seashore, 2.7-3.2mg salt had adhered to the panicle, and the amount of salt adhesion per panicle (mg/panicle) negatively correlated with the distance from the seashore. The total amount of the agricultural damage by T0415 was 18 billion yen, 10,200million yen, and 7,200million yen in Ahta Prefecture, Yamagata Prefecture, and Niigata Prefecture, respectively. The amount of rice damage occupied three fourths of the whole crop The ratio to normal year of the rice yield fell greatly in Akita Prefecture (Kisakatacho, southern prefecture coast area) and Niigata Prefecture (Sadocity). In the Niigata Sado area and the Akita Honjo area, the quality of rice deteriorated remarkably.

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サンゴ骨格中のフッ素含量と海水中の炭酸イオン濃度の関係

田中健太郎, 大出茂

2007 年 61 巻 2 号 p. 118-122
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2013/02/19

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11457/swsj1965.61.118

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サンゴ骨格 (あられ石) への海水からのフッ素の共沈を規定する因子を解明するために, イオンクロマト法を使って, ポナペ島 (ミクロネシア), カンカオ島 (タイ), セブ島 (フィリピン), 水釜, ルカン礁 (沖縄県), 堺港 (和歌山県) から採取したサンゴ試料中のフッ素含量を定量した, サンゴのフッ素含量の平均値は堺港 (和歌山) のサンゴが一番高く, 955ppmを示した, そして, 沖縄 (815ppm), セブ (725ppm), ポナペ (725ppm), カンカオ (677ppm) の順に平均値は減少する, この実験データはサンゴ骨格中のフッ素含量は生息海水温の減少とともに増加する温度依存性を示唆するものである.
サンゴ骨格中へのフッ素共沈のプロセスとして, 次のイオン交換反応式を考える:
CaCO₃(s)+2F^-(aq)=CaF₂(s)+CO₃^2-(aq).
この反応の平衡定数 (K_F) は次のように書ける:
K_F= [CaF₂](s)[CO₃^2-] (aq)/[CaCO₃](s)[F^-] ² (aq).
平衡定数 (K_F) と海水中の炭酸イオン濃度は温度に対する変数である. 平衡定数の絶対温度に対する変化は小さいので無視すると, 上式はサンゴのフッ素含量は海水中の炭酸イオン濃度に反比例することを示す可能性があり, 本研究で提出したサンゴ骨格中のフッ素含量のデータはこの可能性を支持する. 本研究では, サンゴ骨格へのフッ素の共沈に関する温度の影響が海水中の炭酸イオン濃度の変化とリンクし, 起こる可能性について議論した.

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縁辺海堆積物間隙水中のセレンのスペシエーション

中口譲, 南秀樹, 北畑謙一, 服部裕史, 山口善敬, 加藤義久

2007 年 61 巻 2 号 p. 123-131
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2013/02/19

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11457/swsj1965.61.123

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本論文では縁辺海における間隙水中の亜セレン酸セレン酸有機態セレンの鉛直分布, さらに堆積物固層中のセレン, 鉄, マンガンの鉛直分布について記述した.
間隙水中のセレンのスペシエーションを行なった. その結果, 間隙水表層での溶存セレンの優占種は有機態セレンであった (全溶存セレンの46.5～54.7%). 南シナ海における溶存セレン鉛直分布は表層で有機態セレンと亜セレン酸が高濃度となる特徴的な分布を示した. 南シナ海間隙水中の有機態セレン・亜セレン酸濃度と堆積物中の鉄. マンガン濃度の間に有意な負の相関関係が認められた. 南シナ海では表層で有機態セレンが比較的高濃度で存在していており, この結果は火山灰堆積物では粒子状セレンから溶存有機態セレンへの変換が比較的早く起こっている可能性を示唆した. セレベス海やスールー海の間隙水および堆積物中のセレン化学種の鉛直分布は大変複雑であった.

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Changes in the Number of Colony-Forming Marine Vibrio sp. Cells After Exposure to Shock Pressures in the Presence of Sodium Ascorbate

Haruo MIMURA, Akihisa ABE, Kazutoshi YOSHIDA, Hiroshi ISHIDA

2007 年 61 巻 2 号 p. 132-133
発行日: 2007年
公開日: 2013/02/19

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11457/swsj1965.61.132

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Cell suspellsion (10^8.5±0.1 colony-fbrming units/ml) was maintained tightly in an aluminum container and exposed to shock pressures generated by hitting the alulninum container with a projectile. In the presence of sodium ascorbate, a potent radical scavenger, the drastic reduction in the number of colony-fbrming cells was observed at a projectile velocity of more than 196m/s, for which the estimated maximum value of shock pressures was 421 MPa. In the absence of sodium ascorbate, however, colnplete killing of the cells has been obtained even at 115m/s. Burst of the cell wall was seen after exposure to shock pressures at 267m/s, regardless of the presence of sodium ascorbate. These results strongly indicate that shock pressures with the complete killing effect on the cells have a potential to generate radlcal species in seawater as well as inflict some structural damage to the cell wall.

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