Escherichia coli is present in the intestinal tracts of warm-blooded animals. Since E. coli cells are released into the environment through feces, they have evolved to possess the ability to adapt various environments such as soil, river, and ocean. The ocean, in particular, is high in salt concentration, and it is a very severe environment for E. coli, but the E. coli adapted to the marine environment, which leads to its ability to gurvive. In this review, we discuss the adaptation mechanism of E. coli cell to a high salt environment. Furthermore, we interpret an outline about the production of useful materials that can be used for high salinity adaptation of E. coli.

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There is growing interest in halophytic algae applications in the United States. Indeed, halophytic algae and algae products are more and more a part of everyday American life, from edible seaweeds in sushi restaurants, to the possibility that one day algae products will be the precursors to fuels in cars, trucks, and planes. This review surveys the current applied U.S. research activities on these remarkable organisms- including marine and hypersaline macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria. For example, marine algae can be used for the remediation of coasts and estuaries, and be the cause of harmful blooms that plague commercial fisheries and coastal communities. Algae are also the source of nutraceuticals that enhance human health, and neurotoxins that could cause fatalities. The body of literature presented here suggests that halophytic algae can simultaneously benefit and devastate the environment, commercial efforts and human health. Current applied halophytic algae research in the US is attempting to harness these properties for commercial use and societal benefit. These efforts indicate that there is much promise for the future development of novel applications and products from halophytic algae.

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In recent years, global warming due to an increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations is the most urgent concern for maintaining sustainable development in the future. The ocean is one of the most important reservoirs, acting as a sink for the increasing atmospheric CO₂. However, there remain considerable uncertainties in estimates of the oceanic CO₂ uptake. In the western North Pacific, the Japan Meteorological Agency has periodically conduted on board observations of oceanic CO₂ and hydrographic properties from 3° N to 34° N along 137° E every winter since the early 1980s. The 26-year observation records exhibited increasing long-term trends of oceanic CO₂ with similar growth rates to those of atmospheric CO₂ in the extensive subtropical to equatorial zones, suggesting a persistent invasion of anthropogenic CO₂ into the ocean from the atmosphere. The recent uptake of anthropogenic carbon by the ocean has given rise to changes in the chemical equilibrium of the surface ocean CO₂ system, resulting in a reduction of seawater pH, i.e., ocean acidification. It is important to fully understand the mechanisms of the changes in the carbonate system responding to the climate shift for future predictions of the role of the western North Pacific in global carbon cycles.

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本論文では西部熱帯太平洋のFe, Cd, Ni, Cu, ZnそしてCoなど溶存態生体活性微量金属の鉛直分布を示した．生体活性微量金属の挙動及び分布は3つのタイプに分類された．1）栄養塩型の挙動と分布を示すもの（Cd, Ni），2）表層で極めて高濃度でしかも10m以深から深層にかけて濃度が直線的に増加するもの（Cu, Zn），3）分布，挙動が測点により異なる（Fe, Co）．Cd, Niと栄養塩濃度の間には極めて高い相関性が認められた．西部熱帯太平洋水深2000m以深のCd, Ni, Cu, ZnそしてCoの平均濃度は北太平洋に比べて低い値であった．4つ試料採取点上空1500mの気塊の起源は洋上であった．1測点のみ上空1500mの気塊はニューブリテン島上空を通過してきていた．その結果，表層における溶存CuおよびZnは陸起源以外の物質から供給されたと考えられた．

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