The author determined the Serum cholinesterase (SChE) activity by the use of Acholest method which may readily be done during the surgical procedures to investigated its clinical significance and arrived at the followihg conclusion.
1. Reduced SChE activity was recognized in 26 (32.5 %) of 80 cases who were operated upon for general surgical diseases. The incidence of the reduction in this esterase activity was found to be higher in cases of gastric cancer and those with impaired liver function, being 56.2 and 61.5 % respectively. As to the relationship between liver function tests and SChE activity, 70 % of cases with normal A/G ratio showed normal SChE activity, while the activity was found normal in a half, decreased in the other half of cases with renuced A/G ratio ; the zinc sulfate test (Kunkel) revealed that the greater the value of this test, the more becomes the number of cases showing decreased SChE activity, a reduced SChE activity was also seen in 17 % of cases of negative CCF test and in more than 50 % of positive cases. Otherwise, no distinct correlatit n was noticeable between liver function tests and SChE level.
2. Halothane and methoxyflurane, at ordinary concentrations used in anesthesia, were found not to affect the SChE activity.
3. Succinylcholine chloride (S. c. c.) as well as d-Tubocurarine (dTc), among muscle relaxants, also was found not to exert any significant influence upon the SChE activity.
Hexafluorenium apparently lowered the SChE activity, its duration of action being prolonged particularly in cases showing reduced SChE activity preoperatively.
4. As the criterion for the evaluation of the duration of the neuromuscular blocking action of S. c. c., the conventionally employed apnea period is not always suited. In contnast to this, a method devised by the author in which the plamter flexion of toes induced by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve was measured by means of a strain gauge. The method was demonstrated to give much more correct results.
5. In 8 of 33 cases of cardiac surgery, reduced SChE activity was seen, and this incidence is substantially the same as that for general surgical patients with normal liver function.
In cases of general cardiac surgery done without the use of artificial heart & lung, no particular alterations in the SChE activity were noten during and after the operation probably because only young patients about 20 in age were employed, while in those undergoing open-heart surgery by the use of artificial heart & lung there was a declining tendency of the SChE activity noted due to the use of this apparatus.
In cases of heart operation conducted with the use of artificial heart & lung under hypothermia, the SChE activity was found to be lowered by hypothermia of below 34°C, especially below 30°C. This reduction in the esterase activity occurred more frequently and definitely in cases with a low Acholest value preoperatively than in those with nomal Acholest value.
Reduced or greatly reduced SChE activity during a period from 1 to 4 hours following operation may thus be of help in the assessment of prognosis in patients who are oberated upon with the use of artificial heart & lung, whereas such a reduction in this enzymatic activity occurring during and just after the operation is not necessarily indicative of poor prognosis.

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The Erythropoietic substance increases in normal animals' serum and plasma under hypoxia, and it causes an increase in number of red cells. The prime object of the experiment was to study the mechanism of red cell increases in the blood.
Examining rabbits were placed inside the container with 10 % O₂ for the periods raning 24 to 120 hours and the peripheral blood count, serum Fe, Cu, Cp, Tr, PO₂, the kidney J.G.C. were determined and pathoantomical observation of the bone marrow, kidney, spleen and liver of these animals were carried out.
Following conclusions were obtained ;
1) After injecting the plasma obtained from the rabbits each time period into Wister rats, ⁵⁹Fe was given into the rats, abdomens. Erythropoietic activity was measured by the ⁵⁹Fe incorporation.
The plasma from rabbits subjected to the 10 % O₂ environment for 48-72 hours (which showed increasing reticulocyte and low level PO₂ in the blood) had a high ⁵⁹Fe incorporation (3×4 times higher than those of normal animals) .
2) Number of reticulocyte increased after about 48-hours period and there was also an increase of red cells count and hemoglobin in the peripheral blood.
3) Serum Cp increased greatly after 24 hours under low-Oxygen and continued for 72 hours. Serum Fe decreased while red cells and Hemoglobin increased, and serum Tr and serum Cu increased during the same period.
4) PO₂ showed a low level after 24 hours under low oxygen, while the bone marrow revealed extreme hyperplasia. Then reticulocyte and a red cell increased.
5) The rabbits' J.G.C. was double in amount compared with that of normal rabbits and the giderogram had moved to the left.
In conclusion hypoxia is a factor causing Erythropoiesis.

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In order to study the topographical morphology of arteries and veins of the trunk of human cotyledon, the author have chosen the best 10 preparations out of 65 pieces of placental corrosive preparations.
Cutting each of cotyledons at the chorionic vessels in order to define the right and left, the cut-end was placed at the proximal position facing to one's own position and placed the peripheral end, distal. The cut-end facing to the chorial plate was called “top” and basement plate, “bottom”. The vessels of villous plexus were named “Arteria et. Vena lobaris placentae”.
Two hundreds and seventy-seven pieces of villous plexus were investigated and following results were obtained ;
1. The length of the trunk of A. lobaris placentae ranged from 3.00 to 7.99 mm., with an average of 5.94 mm. and inside diameter of the trunks ranged from 1.00 to 1.49 mm., with an average of 1.08 mm.
2. Three running patterns of the trunks of A. lobaris placentae were observed.
There were 173 pieces (62.4 %) of “straight” pattern, 61 (21.9 %) of “oblique” and 43 (15.5%) of weaving. Among the 43 “weaving” pieces, only 3 pieces (1.08%) had spiral tendency.
3. There were various branching patterns of the trunk of A. lobaris. They were classified into 13 patterns, such as, “two-forked branching” pattern, “three-forked branching” pattern and “asymmetrical branching” pattern, etc. The frequency of the first pattern was 109 pieces (39.4 %) of the total number, that of the second was 99 pieces (35.7 %), and that of the third was 23 pieces (8.3 %) . The frequency of the other 10 patterns were very low.
4. The length and the running pattern of the veins of the trunk of villous plexus were similar to those of arteries, but the inside diameter of veins were 1.3 times as large as that of arteries. Weaving and distorsion of veins were relatively few, but many rosary knots were noted in 28 cases out of 277 pieces (10.1 %) .
5. “Concentrating” patterns of the veins in the trunk of villous plexus were classified into 15. The classification is somewhat more complicated and there were “two merging roots” pattern, “three merging roots” pattern and “asymmetrical or uneven numbered roots” pattern, etc. The frequency of the first pattern was 75 pieces (27.0 %) of the total number, that of the second was 70 pieces (25.2 %), that of the third was 39 pieces (14.0 %) and the other 12 patterns were found in lower frequency.
6. As to the relationship of the location between arteries and veins in the trunk of the villous plexus, they run oblique and slightly crossed each other. In most of the cases these running patterns were classified into 18. There were 57 pieces (20.7 %) of the first pattern, 43 pieces (15.5 %) of the second, 31 pieces (11.1 %) of the third and so on. Co-relationship of the location among them was extremely complicated.

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There have been many evidences indicating that the nucleic acid is to be one of the target molecules in radiation injury.
The change in radiation sensitivity by modifying purine metabolism was investigated. The purpose of this experiment was to approach the comprehension of the bone marrow injury; the bone marrow was believed to require purine of extra-cellular origin and to be or accordingly to be very sensitive to the purine analogues. Therefore, purine-requiring strain of Saccharomyces cerviciae was adopted in comparison with the bone marrow cells.
Purine starvation and administration of purine-analogues at the time of irradiation enhanced the radiosensitivity as follows:
1) The radiation response of the adenine-requiring (not absolute) yeast cells grown in the absence of adenine was greater than that in the presence of adenine. Longer incubation time in the presence of adenine prior to irradiation decreased the radiosensitivity.
2) Nuturally occurring puriens were effective in decreasing the sensitivity in the order of adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, and adenosine.
The purine in the form of base was known to be biologically active after converted into the nucleotide, however this apparently was not seem in this experiment owing perhaps to the low utilization of the adenosine of which it was suggested by the slower growth rate of the cells in the medium containing adenosine instead of adenine.
3) Certain purine-analogues, such as 6-mercaptopurine, 8-azaguanine, and 2-6-diaminopurine enhanced the sensitivity when administered prior to irradiation.
4) 2-C labeled 6-mercaptopurine was incorporated into DNA of the cell, extent of which was highest at 3 hours of incubation. The fact that the radiosensitivity was also highest at this time, however, did not imply the mechanism being enhanced by the incorporation of the analogue into the DNA, because the extent of incorporation and radiosensitivity did not run parallel in the course of incubation time.
These results indicated that the starvation of the purine at the time of irradiation sensitized the radiosensitivity, and that certain purine analogues also sensitized it.
Referring a lot of papers published coupled with this experiment indicating the role of purine starvation, the contribution of DNA which incorporated purine analogue to a slighter extent than pyrimidine analogue was considered to be very small. And it was suggested that the sensitizing effect of these compounds might result, at least in part, from their induction of a secondary purine starvation caused by the feedback inhibition and by other purine pathway antimetabolic actions of these analogues.

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The effects of sodium salicylate on the respiration and the blood pressure in rabbits were investigated and the following results were obtained.
1. The respiration rate was increased by sodium salicylate at the dosage of 0.05 g/kg (i. v.) and strengthened at the additional dosage of 0.5 g/kg (i. v.) .
2. The above mentioned results appear to show the direct stimulating action on the respiratory center as well as the strong contracting action on the muscle of peripheral blood capillaries.

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Die als Nicotin-Hydrops bezeichnete Missbildung, welche 1954 Tsunoo and andere gef unden haben, hat eine grosse Zahl von tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen in hiesigem Institut ausgelöst.Als emn Beispiel wurden Korrelationsbeziehungen zwischen chemischen Konstitutionen der Verbindungen und ihren teratogenen Wirkungen ausführlich erforscht. Also wurde schon von Tsunoo u. a. eine gemessene Menge von Nicotin, Nicotintartrat, Nornicotin, Neonicotin (Anabasin) and Metanicotin in Eierklar der Eier eines gleichen, reinerbigen Stammes “ weisser Leghorn” eingespritzt. Mit Ausnahme von Metanicotin, Pyrrolidinring des β-Pyridyl-pyrrolidins gespaltet, konnten sie charakteristische Missbildungen experimentell erzeugen. Es wurde auch zur Folgerung geführt, dass Pyridylpyrrolidin-sowie Pyridylpiperidin-Gruppe bei Nicotinverbindungen für die Entstehung, von Missbildungen notwendig sind.
Es erscheint nochmals, dass Nicotin-Hydrops von ungewöhnlicher Grösse den wesentlichen Störungen des Wasserhaushaltes zuzuschieben ist. Jedoch deuten Schief hals, Deformation der Wirbelsäule, Prolapsus and Wachstumsstörungen der Extremitäten sowie des Schnabels auf Anomalies der Morphogenese hin.
In vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurde Nicotin im Verlauf der Bebrütung in den Luftraum der Hühnereier eingespritzt, um seine Einflussnahme auf das Wachstum der Embryonen ohne Schwierigkeiten zu sehen. Man gelangte zu nachstehenden Schlussf olgerungen.
1) Auch bei der Einspritzung des Nicotins vor der Bebrütung galten gleichartige Resultate ebenso wie bei seiner Applikation in Eiweiss und Dotter des befruchteten Eies.
2) Allgemeine Wassersucht konnte durch Injektion von Nicotin in jedem Zeitpunkt hervorgeruf en werden.
3) Schief hals, Prolapsus und Wachstumsstörung des Schnabels zeigten sich bei der Einspritzung von Nicotin vor 4. Bruttag als Begleitmissbildungen in einem hohen Prozentsatz.

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The cases of double cancers has been increasing in number since Billroth first described in 1869. However the double cancers of the stomach and liver are very rare even in autopsy cases. Recently a case with this condition which developed sever obstructive jaundice after gastrectomy was experienced in our department. Autopsy revealed a large intrahepatic tumor. Histologically the cancer of the stomach was adenocarcinoma papillare medullare III-2 (Borrmann II) and the tumor of the liver was hepatoma.

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