We studied ultrastructural changes to clarify the correlation between hepatic damage and membrane effect on erythrocytes of tricyclic antidepressants and bile acid preparation. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), chlorimipramine (CIM) and imipramine (IM) were used. The leakage of enzyme from the isolated hepatocyte for hepatic damage and hypotonic hemolysis (50%) was used to evaluate the membrane effect on erythrocyte. CDCA, CIM and IM inhibited the hemolysis at low concentrations and promoted it at high concentration at which hepatic damage occurred were almost the same. In hepatic damage, enzyme leakage was observed from concentrations of 2×10^-4 M of CIM and 4×10^-4 M of IM and CDCA, with peak leakage at concentrations of 1×10^-3 M. There were few changes with UDCA. In SEM, echinocyte or stomatocyte transformation were observed with changes of drug concentrations. Ghost were observed at high concentration. At concentrations where hemolysis was inhibited, these changes were mild and the morphology resembled that of discocytes. The sequence of the severity was CIM>IM, CDCA>>UDCA. Deformation of hepatocytes became more severe as the concentrations of CIM and CDCA increased. Appearance of many spherical protrusions on the cell membrane was observed. In TEM, there were marked disappearance of microvilli, destruction of the cell, and the cell membrane became vesicular. Disappearance of the cristate of the mitochondria, leakage of cytoplasm and lysis of nuclei were observed. These results suggest a good correlation between hepatic damage and erythrocyte membrane lysis by the drugs from the morphological changes.

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It is reported that lymphocytes work as a principal role in the cell-mediated immunity to the tumor. They are classified into some sub-populations and have respectively different radiosensitivities. It has been reported that low-dose whole-body irradiation to mice might bring about augmentation of immune responses. This experiment was studied on effect of dose and timing of whole-body irradiation on the growth of sarcoma 180 tumor, which was inoculated intracutaneously in the back of ICR mice. The effect on the tumor growth inoculated with different cell numbers was also investigated by a low dose whole-body irradiation. 1) Right after inoculation of 3×10⁵ tumor cells, the mice were irradiated with 10, 20, 50 and 100 rad. The tumor growth in 20-rad group was inhibited, compareing with non-irradiated control group. The tumor growth in 10- and 50-rad groups were not inhibited, while in 100-rad group, it had conversely a tendency to be accelerated. 2) The 20-rad whole-body irradiation was administered on each group at the times varying from 2 days before to 5 days after tumor inoculation. The tumor growth was inhibited in the groups which were irradiated at the times from immediately to 2 days after tumor inoculation. The poor tumor growth which was most prominently inhibited was observed in the group irradiated right after tumor inoculation. 3) The mice inoculated with a small number (1×10⁵) and with a large number (1×10⁶) of tumor cells, were irradiated with 20 rad immediately after inoculation. The inhibition of the tumor growth was clearly found in a small number (1×10⁵) cells group, buf not in a large number (1×10⁶) cells group. These phenomena may be due to the fact that the radiosensitive suppressive lymphocytes are firstly impaired by low-dose radiation.

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We reported here the difference of T cell Population between 19 cases of Hodgkin's disease of Mixed Cellularity (the first group) and 24 cases of various specific granulomatous lymphadenitis including tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, sarcoidosis and lues (the second group) by using ANAE stain. The both groups are commonly formed small and/or large clustered epithelioid lesions histologically. ANAE-Droplet positive cell (T cell) is more prominent in the lymphadenitis than that of Hodgkin's disease. It may be indicated that the co-operation of T cell and histiocyte-epithelioid cell is preserved in process of diseases to do antigen clearance. On the contrary, in the neoplastic process, such this report as the lesion of Hodgkin's disease, it may be suggested to happen not only the functional T cell defect but the disturbance of co-operation between histiocyte-epithelioid cell and T cell.

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We investigated here Alpha-Naphthyl-Acetate-Esterase activities of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of 30 cases of chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis, 10 cases of specific granulomatous lymphadenitis, 8 cases of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (IBL) and several lymphadenopathies except malignant lymphomas and leukemias. Comparing with chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis, remarkable decrease of ANAE-Droplet positive cell was shown in IBL. Increase of Droplet positive cell was most prominent in specific granulomatuos lymphadenitis. The granular positive cell (plasmacytoid lymphocyte) was shown almost the same value between IBL and specific granulomatuos lymphadenitis, but it may be indicated that increase of plasmacytoid lymphocyte of IBL might suggest a paraneoplastic phenomen differing from the lymphadenitis which reflexes reactive nlasmacvtosis.

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Many reports have indicated that T cell dysfunction, i.e. decrease of response for various mitogens and allogeneic lymphocyte, weakness of rejection against transplants, disturbance of delayed hypersensitivity and loss of resistance to infection and tumor proliferation are followed by ageing. We reported here the difference of T cell number between infants and the aged in the cases of nonspecific lymphadenitis by ANAE stain. In the lymph node imprints it was shown that the aged cases were seen remarkable decrease of ANAE-Droplet positive cell (Mean value of 16 cases of the infant; 52.81%, the value of 9 cases of the aged; 26.00%, respectively) . On the contrary, plasma cell series was shown no particular difference between the two groups. It might be suggested that selective diminution of T cell reaction of the aged cases against viral infection and/or unknown antigens.

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We reported here 15 cases of nonspecific lymphadenitis shown diminution ANAE-Droplet positive lymphocyte in lymph node imprints. Many reports have shown decrease of ANAE-activities of lymphocytes in the process of neoplastic disease, blastoid change of various mitogens, activated state by infection and rejected reaction of transplantation. Histological findings in most of our investigated cases were shown to become smaller T zone following remarkable follicular hyperplasia. On the other hand, as the reason of decrease of ANAE-Droplet positive cell in the cases of histologically preserved T zone might be considered to change from lymphocytes to blastoid cell and/or increase of suppressor T cell against viral infection or the other antigens.

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Studies were carried out on 4 hearing aids, the products of different makers. It was found that persons with normal hearing ability-regardless of whether they were laymen or specialists-showed different preferences for these devices on the basis of the sound. Next, hearing tests were performed on normal healthy volunteers and persons with mild to moderate degrees (i. e., at 50-70 dB) of hearing loss. In addition, the subjects with hearing loss were asked to evaluate the efficacy of the hearing aid-earphone combinations in relation to daily life. Results 1) The orders of preference of the hearing aids expressed by both the normal volunteers and the subjects with hearing loss were about the same, regardless of the earphone employed. 2) The subjects were asked to evaluate the tone quality of the most preferred hearing aid in combination with each of the earphones. The results for the earphones showed N> W > P. 3) With the same 3 hearing aid-earphone combinations, evaluations were carried out in relation to daily life by the subjects with hearing loss. The results in this case showed an order of superiority of N> P> W . 4) Investigation was then made of the difference in those evaluation results. It was thus surmised that, in the case of daily life, there was a tendency for the patients with mild hearing loss (i. e., at 60 dB or less) to dislike the W characteristic.

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Effect of Schizophyllan (SPG), a simple glucan produced bySehizophyllum commune, and other immunostimulants on candidastatic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages were examined. Peritoneal macrophages collected from the mice treated with each immunostimulant were seeded in 96-multiwell tissue culture plates and infected with serially (2-fold) dilutedCandida parapsilosiscells. By counting the number ofCandidacolonies in each well, fungistatic index (FI) was estimated after 18-20 hours incubation. (1) When a single dose of 0.01-500μg/mouse of SPG was intraperitoneally administered, the candidastatic activity of peritoneal macrophages proved to be stimulated, and the increase of FI maintained for 1-4 days. The optimal dose was considered to be about 100-200μg. (2) When 0.01-100μg/mouse of SPG was injected every other day for 3 times, increase of candidastatic activity was recognized. (3) No enhancement of candidastatic activity could be detected, when 0.01-100μg/mouse of SPG was administered once daily for 3-7 days. (4) The effect of MDP (muramyl dipeptide), MDP-Lys (L18), LPS, PSK, Levamisole and Zymosan were found to be higher than that of SPG, whereas Picibanil and MG (mannoglucan ofMicroellobosporia grisea) were less effective.

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Myocardial protection preserved by the topical hypothermia and crystalloid potassium cardioplegia was studied experimentally in 55 mongrel dogs. The animals were divided into nine groups according to the myocardial protective methods and then the changes in myocardial ultrastructure were compared in each group. Group I : Continuous aortic cross clamping for 30 minutes under systemic normothermia. Group II : Continuous aortic cross clamping for 60 minutes with topical myocardial cooling under mild systemic hypothermia. Group III : The same as group II combined with cardioplegia. Group IV : The same as group II. with continuous aortic cross clamping for 90 minutes. Group V : The same as group IV combined with cardioplegia every 60 minutes. Group VI : The same as group II with continuous aortic cross clamping for 120 minutes, Group VII : The same as group VI combined with cardioplegia only once soon after aortic cross clamping. Group VIII: The same as group II with continuous aortic cross clamping for 240 minutes. Group LX : The same as group VIII combined with cardioplegia every 60 minutes. Myocardial biopsies for electron microscope were performed from the left ventricle before the release from aortic cross clamping. Mitochon-drial score reported by Flameng et al. was evaluated in each group and the results were as follows : Group I, 2.27 ± 0.052; Group II, 1.725 ± 0.036; Group III, 1.44 ± 0.035; Group IV, 1.925 ± 0.028; Group V, 1.935 ± 0.002; Group VI, 2.07 ± 0.022; Group VII, 1.415 ± 0.035; Group VII, 2.185 ± 0.027; Group IX, 1.865 ± 0.029. Cardiac function after resuscitation was studied. Good cardiac function was obtained in group II, III, IV, V and group VII, however, cardiac function was very poor in group I, VIII and group IX. Continuous aortic oculusion for 120 minutes preserved by hypothermic cardioplegia and topical myocardial cooling under mild systemic hypothermia was performed safely in this experiment. However, the effectiveness of cardioplegic solution was not lasted when the infusion interval of cardioplegic solution was prolonged for 90 minutes (group VII) . In conclusion it can be deduced that hypothermic potassium cardioplegia was effective method for myocardial protection during aortic cross clamping.

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Using X-ray CT (computed tomography) images, body composition on the sternal angle plane was studied in 105 humans (61 males, 44 females) . Cross sectional area of the subcutaneous fatty layer, the bone-muscle layer and the thoracic cavity, thickness of the subcutaneous fatty layer at 6 points (denoted A-F on circumference) and sagittal and transverse diameter of the thorax were measured and the sex and age difference were discussed. The following results were obtained. 1) Concerning the body composition in cross sectional area of the sternal angle plane, the subcutaneous fatty layer, the bone-muscle layer and the thoracic cavity were 6.8-18.3%, 29.7-42.5% and 41.9-59.2% in males and 11.2-30.2%, 29.5-36.6% and 33.2-55.7% in females respectively. 2) Concerning the body composition of the total area in the cross-section, about the each age, the subcutaneous fatty layer and the bone-muscle layer were remarkably larger in their thirties than in other ages and the thoracic cavity was in their sixties in males respectively. While in females, the subcutaneous fatty layer, the bone-muscle layer and the thoracic cavity were larger in their forties than in other ages and especially in the bone-muscle layer. 3) On the comparison of the each body compositions in each age, in males the subcutaneous fatty layer and she bone-muscle layer tended to increase untill in their thirties and subsequently to decrease due to aging. The thoracic cavity decreased untill in their forties and increased after that. While in females, the subcutaneous fatty layer and the bone-muscle layer increased from in their thirties and the former and the latter were the largest in their fifties and in their forties, respectively. About the thoracic cavity, the measurement value was the largest in their thirties and forties but the ratio was the lowest in their forties. 4) Concerning the thickness of the subcutaneous fatty layer in the cross section, in males, between in their twenties and in their fifties the posterior median line had the most thickness and those in their sixties and seventies were largest in the papillary line. While in females, the most specimens had the maximum in the papillary line. 5) Concerning the sagittal and transverse diameter of the thorax in the cross-section, the sagittal diameter increased in males, from in their thirties untill in their sixties and the maximum was indicated in their sixties. The transverse diameter tended to increase untill in their thirties and arrived at the maximum in this ages, and also the ratio of this paralleled to this change with aging. While in females, the sagittal diameter of the thorax increased untill in their forties and arrived at the maximum in this ages, but the transverse diameter had the maximum in their thirties and subsequently decreased.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the role of endotoxin in the onset of experimental liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) in rats. The reticuloendothelial function was altered by Zymosan or Lead acetate (LA), and endotoxin tolerance (ET) was induced prior to administration of CCl₄. Then, the Limulus test, examinations of the reticuloendothelial function, and biochemical and histological investigations were performed using untreated rats as control. As a result, the reticuloendothelial function was found to improve significantly in Zymosan-treated rats and ET rats, while it was significantly suppressed in LA-treated rats. In untreated rats, the Limulus test was positive in many instances and the reticuloendothelial function was markedly suppressed. There was also biochemical and histological evidence of marked liver injury. Such liver injury was less severe in Zymosantreated rats and ET rats, and more severe in LA-treated rats. Such findings suggest that the severity of liver injury is related to the facility with which endotoxin produced in the intestine by CCl₄ is disposed of by the reticuloendothelial system. Thus, endotoxin appeared to be involved in the onset of liver injury by CCl₄.

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Noise-induced temporary threshold shift (NITTS) was observed by standard audiometric examinations and Békésy self-recording audiometry. The exposed noise was the intermittent traffic noise of the Shinkansen train (99 dB (A) at peak, 86 Leq dB (A) ), and the exposed duration time was 8 hours. The results obtained were as follows : 1) The hearing thresholds of the Békésy audiograms with normal hearing subjects, measured before, during and after noise exposure, were shifted significantly. And the amplitude of these audiograms by continuous test tone were decreased significantly. 2) After the noise exposure, there were no risen thresholds of the Békésy audiogram by interrapted test tones, but significantly decreased amplitude were noted. 3) The auditory acuity of the subjects exposed noise for 8 hours did not show a significant change in noise-less conditions for hours. 4) The auditory acuity of the workers in the noisy surroundings with normal auditory were measured in same noise exposed test. The results showed no decrease in the auditory thresholds of the Békésy audiograms by the continuous test tones. From th above-mentioned results it is assumed that by noise exposure, the amplitudes of the Békésy audiogram by continuous test tones firstly decrease, and secondly the shift of auditory threshold. Accordingly, if one wants to observe an influence of noise exposure on the auditory acuity, not only a shift in the auditory threshold but also a decrease in the amplitude of the Béekésy audiogram by continuous test tones should be investigated.

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This study examined the relationships between body composition and motor ability to establish a criterion for evaluation of obesity. The subjects were high school students, including 799 males and 1092 females between 15 and 17 years of age at Tagawa districts in Fukuoka prefecture. Anthropometric dimensions were measured, and fat percent of body weight and lean body mass were computed from body height, weight, and skinfold thickness. Also, motor ability tests were carried out in accordance with the method of sports test standardized by the Ministry of Education. The test consisted of five items, i.e., 50m dash, broad jump, ball thraw, chinning, and endurance running. The fat percent of body weight correlated negatively with motor ability tests, especially, with 50m dash, broad jump and endurance running.
The result suggested that the fat percent of body weight might be available as an index to estimate the obesity based on the toal scores of motor ability. In order to establish the criterion of obesity on the basis of motor ability, the subjects were devided into two groups according to their total scores of motor ability tests, i.e., group A, which has the scores under the fifth percentile of the total scorses and group B, more than that percentile. Supposing that group A were inferior in the motor ability, the fat percent was compared between group A and B. Means of the fat percent in group A was 20 % (19-20 %) for males and 27 % (25-30 %) for females, while those in group B, 13-14 % and 22 % respectively. Namely, the fat percent in group A was significantly higher than that in group B. From the result, the authors concluded that the criterion value of obesity based on motor ability was more than 20 % of the fat percent for males and more than 25-30 % for females.

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The coagulation at the wound of the traumatic spleen make a false negative findings. We created a wound in the mongrel dog's spleen and observed it by ultrasonography at regular intervals in this experiment. The pathological changes of spleen were surveyed, too. Kawauch i and et al. reported the wound in one patient with splenic rupture couldn't be detected by ultrasonography because the cogulation at the wound had the same echo level as spleen. After removing the coagulation, the wound was possible to be located exactly. The purpose of this experiment is to elucidate the false negative findings in ultrasongraphy and to compare the spleen tissue to the change of coagulation at the wound timely by microscope. The mongrel dog under general anesthesia was incised in the abdomen. The spleen was placed into a plastic bag filled with the deaired water with the splenic artery and vein still intact. An incision was made at the dorsal side of the spleen and was observed by ultrasonography right after incision, 15 minutes, and I hour later respectively. PTAH stain for fibrin was used in the histological specimen inchluding spleen and coagulation. The coagulation at the wound kept the same structure like net from the period right after incision to 24 hours. It is similar to the histological structure of spleen. The sound impedance of the coagulation was assumed to be similar as spleen. It is difficult to distiuguish the coagulation from the spleen in ultrasono graphy.

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The intrinsic mechanism of the acupuncture needling effect on local muscle pain was investigated by experimental pain produced muscle after long tetanic stimulation of the guinea pig gastrocnemius muscle. Under 30 mg/kg pentobarbital anesthesia, the isometric ten-sion of both exposed gastrocnemius muscle were simultaneously recorded in situ. For producing experimental muscle stiffness and pain, 10 Hz tetanic stimulation was applied to the muscle for 40-60 minutes. Twitch height was used as an index of pain. A 0.25 mm needle was inserted straight into the perivertebral muscle. Knife cut of the brain was done by surgical knife. Potential evoked in the anterior hypothalamus by stimulation of the periver-tebral muscle was averaged 30 trials by a data analyser. The recovecy of reduced twitch hei-ght after tetanic stimulation was remarkably facilitated by needling of the ipsilateral periver-tebral muscle (L₄-S₁) ) . The effect was abolished by caudal knife cut of the anterior hypotha-lamus, but not by rostral or dorsal surface cut of the anterior hypothalamus. Electrical stimula-tion of the area above optic chiasma in the anterior hypothalamus facilitates the recovery of reduced twitch height of the contralateral gastrocnemius muscle after tetanic stimulation. Evo-ked potentials were recorded from stimulating electrode to produce facilitation of recovery upon stimulation of contralateral L₅perivertebral muscle. Recovery from the reduction of twitch height of tetanized gastrocnemius muscle by needling of the perivertebral muscle might be caused by somat-autonomic reflex of which reflex center is in the contralateral anterior hypo-thalamus. Cholinergic nerves in sympathetic nerve might play a role to recover muscle circula-tion as efferent nerve.

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DDD mice, 4 and 12 week-old, were infected with type I herpes simplex virus (HSV) by intranasal inoculation and the pathogenesis of HSV encephalitis was examined with the passage of time by immunofluorescence in reference to histopathological changes and virus isolation. Virus solutions (high and low dose) were dropped into the nasal cavity and mice were divided into 4 groups. Almost all 4 week-old mice died 6-7 days after virus inoculation with high dose. Viral antigens were demonstrated in the epithelia of nasal cavity, olfactory bulb, olfactory area of the cerebrum, and also in the trigeminal ganglia, pons and medulla oblongata widely. Olfactory epithelia had erosion with infiltration of inflammatory cells and hemorrha-ges. In the olfactory bulb and the trigeminal ganglia, degeneration of neurons, infiltration of small round cells, cell debris and hemorrhages were observed with occasional intranuclear inclusion bodies. In the pathogenesis of acute HSV encephalitis by intranasal infection, two infectious routes were suggested, olfactory and trigeminal nerve. The latter is intimated as invasive course of the HSV into the central nervous system.

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We report our own experience of the use of “PANENDOSCOPE for upper G.I. tracts”, model UGI-RA, whose feature is forward viewing small outside diameter (O.D.) with insertion section of biopsy forceps, manufactured by FUJI PHOTO OPTICAL CO., LTD. The newly developed fiber scope has 8 mm O.D. of flexible section, in which 2 mm diameter of biopsy forceps channel is incorporated. The specifications of the scope are as follows;
•Field of view : 105°
•Observation range : 2 mm to 120 mm
•Bending capability : UP 200°, DOWN 90°
•Total length : 1270 mm
•Working length : 1110 mm
The fiberscope is a type which adds a forceps channel to the model UGI-RU which was previously reported by Okada and others (Gastroenterological Endoscopy 25 (5) 802, 1983) . Although O. D. of its flexible section increases to 8 mm from 6.4 mm of UGI-RU, insertion is done as easily as UGI-RU. According to patients, no difference in pain has been felt compared with similar models during examinations. Image quality was the same as the one acquired by UGI-RU. Some increase in the 0. D. remains. However, additional functions of the model such as suction capability and sampling of tissue by biopsy make it suitable for use in quick examination for screening and part of close examination. We have carried out 60 cases of observation and treatment by using this model. Observation of esophagus, stomach, and duodenal bulb was centered and it provided satisfactory image quality. Limitation in biopsy forceps movement of Up and Down may give an operator slight inconveniences during examin-ations. As a result, we appraise the model UGI-RA a useful equipment for initial screening and group examinations.

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Modern advancement in ultrasonographic technology permits wide implementation of ulrasonographically guided percutaneous nephrostomy as an urgent medical treatment for acute renal failure causec by various sorts of advanced malignant cancer. Recently, we had the opportunity to perform two percutaneous nephropyelostomies in patients with acute hydronephrosis and obtained satisfactory clinical results which we report hereed. We used a GC-10A linear electronic transducer for aspiration biopsy with an SAL-50A (TOSHIBA Medical Corporation) . The nephropyelostomy tube, designed by us and made by HAKKO Co., was a 20 cm long 8F size silicon balloon catheter, and we used an 8.5F size PTCD set, also by HAKKO Co. Both patients had distal ureteral obstructions caused by the advanced malignant cancer and were thought to have poor surgical indication, or not at all. Case 1: A sixty-two-year-old man was admitted because of anuria and lumbago suspected to be caused by renal failure occurring after being radical operated on for gastric cancer a year and a half previous. Case 2 : A fifty-two-year-old man was admitted because of anuria, pain and tenderness over the right flank probably caused by renal failure failure occurring after being radical operated on for rectum cancer eight months previous. After percutaneous nephrostomies, there were marked improvements in their clinical conditions, and no conspicuous complications. In this method, compared to those so far, 8F silicon balloon catheter is inserted into the pelvis without the use of a guide wire, and its chronic use seems to be possible. In view of the inaccuracy of other methods of assessment, we consider percutaneous nephrostomy using a balloon catheter to be the most accurate, predictive method available today.

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