In 1999 CDC guidelines established the concept of SSI. Recently some institutes have reported an SSI incidence rate of less than 5%. The SSI incidence rate in our hospital, however, was reported to be higher than the national average. Because we hypothesized that the main cause of the high incidence rate was intraoperative contamination, we analyzed the transition of enteric bacteria during surgery, enforced techniques to ensure sterile conditions, and reviewed the change of SSI incidence. The transition of enteric bacteria was investigated by administering a pigment (Indigocarmine) to intestional excision sites. By examining the data of pigment distribution during operations, we were able to train the operating room staff in how to prevent contamination: surveillance was performed afterwards. We examined for 863 cases. The incidence of SSI after surveillance was 11.2%, a significant decrease of SSI incidence before surveillance (171%) . This result was most likely due to the increase of the rate of clean-contaminated operations (Class II), and the decrease in the incidence of contaminated operations (Class III) . However, intraoperative contamination and SSI occurrence in Class II still present. Therefore, to prevent SSI more clean operation techniques and an improved consciousness in the operating theater, as in the entire hospital, are needed.

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Long-term clinical results after transtrochanteric anterior rotational osteotomy for idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head and histopathological study of the removed femoral head were evaluated in patients who eventually underwent arthroplasty. From 1987 to 1996, transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy was used to treat 35 hips in 26 patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Every hip case had anterior rotational osteotomy and follow-up periods ranged from ten to 18 years. When the end point of the study was defined as postoperative progress to collapse of the femoral head, the 10-year survival rate was 84% and that of the 15-year was 76%. When the end point was defined as an advanced stage after operation, the 10-year survival rate was 68% and the 15-year, 35%. This operation that indicates the ratio of the intact area of the posterior part of the femoral head to the total articular surface on the lateral view of the hip roentgenogram patients should be more than 33%, and for postoperative patients, the transposed intact area should occupy more than 36% of the accetabular weight-bearing area after osteotomy and the intentional varus position. In addition, excellent results were obtained in patients within the limits of the above indications. The risk factors for postoperative progressive collapse include advanced types, 66% or less, and 40% or less of the intact area of the posterior part on the lateral view of the hip roentgenogram. Even though favorable medium-term results had excellent success, in some patients an advanced stage was observed in the long-term results of more than 10 years, resulting in arthroplasty. In the removed femoral head in 8cases eventually undergoing arthroplasty, repair of the osteonecrotic area was histopathologically evaluated. Large sections and 1/4 section specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The osteonecrotic area, a band-like sclerotic area, and an intact area were identified on the large section specimens, leading to measurement of the following: (1) the maximum thickness of appositional bone formation, (2) the mean thickness of the creeping substitu-tion, (3) coverage of the necrosis trabecula, and (4) the area of all bone trabecula. The osteonecrosis was repaired when the appositional bone was formed from the band-like sclerotic area to the area around the necrotic bone, resulting in proximal expansion throughout the entire necrotic area. Pathological features of the osteonecrotic area without weight-bearing stress were almost identical to MRI findings. The final pathological findings in the repair of osteonecrosis constitutes not replacement with intact tissues, but filled with thickened trabeculae following the disappearance of necrotic tissues and fibrosis.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the 50% lethality of monochromatic ultraviolet (UV) radiation on porcine lens epithelial cells (LEC) . Porcine LECs were isolated and cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Media (DMEM) -F12 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibiotics. Confluent monolayers of LEC in 24-well tissue culture plates were incubated for 24 h with DMEM-F12 containing 0.2% FBS for synchronization of the cell cycle (G₀) . During 280, 291, 301 or 309 nm UV light irradiation, the medium was changed to Dulbecco's PBS (-) which showed 100% transmittance of UV light. The 50% lethality of each wavelength was determined by living cell counts at 24 hr after irradiation: 1.4 mJ/cm² at 280 nm, 3.2 mJ/cm² at 291 nm, 13 mJ/cm² at 301 nm, and 200 mJ/cm² at 309 nm, respectively. These data would provide a clear index for the LECs cell injury by spectroscopy.

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The effects of Gaiyo (G), Juyaku (J) and Sasa Cu-Chlorophyll extracted remnants (SCER) on oxazolone (Oxa) -induced allergic dermatitis in BDF₁ mice were investigated. Ear swelling of Oxa-induced allergic dermatitis was produced following form application of Oxa in BDF₁ mice. SCER-G and SCER-J reduced Oxainduced ear swelling. Oral administration and application of SCER-GJ inhibited ear swelling, hemorrhaging and incrustation in Oxa-induced allergic dermatitis. According to histopathological examination of the auricle in each group, the incrustation, hypertrophy of epidermis and dermis and increases of mast cells in Oxa-induced dermatitis were inhibited by SCER-GJ administration. These results suggest that SCER-GJ improvs allergic dermatitis and atopic dermatitis.

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