We studied the relationship of the liver-bile duct system and kidneys and pancreas with 22 patints by the laboratory data and histopathological appearances. The patients had cholelithiasis, acalculous cholecystitis or gastroduodenal disease and were not complicated by malignant tumor, hepatic cirrhosis and severe systemic disease had not begun on hemodialysis.
Then, they were selected from the patients routinely examined during the past twenty years in the 1st department of pathology of the medicine, Showa university. The following are the results of the above studies:
1) Comparing the obstructive jaundice group with that of the non-obstructive jaundice, especially in the former we recognized a close relationship of the liver-bile duct system and kidneys and pancreas.
2) In the obstructive jaundice group, comparing the oparated patients for bile duct disease-cholelithiasis -with the non-operated patients, there was no difference between the two.
3) In the non-obstructive jaundice group, comparing the operated patients for up-perabdominal disease, except bile duct disease, with the non-operated patients, there was a little closer relation of the three organs in the former than in the latter.
4) Comparing the gall-stone group with the non-gallstone group, there was a closer relation of the three organs, especially in the gallstone group with obstructive jaundice.
5) On histopathological study, there were icteric change and fatty degeneration and slight fibrous degeneration in the liver, and cloudy swelling and necrobiosis and precipitation of the bile pigment of the renal tubules in the kidneys, and acute necrotic inflammatory changes and slight fibrosis in the pancreas.
6) On the laboratory data, there were increased alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum amylase and elevation of bilirubin.
As stated above, we recognized significant correlation of the liver-bile duct system and kidneys and pancreas, especially severe in the patients of obstructive jaundice, studying mainly patients of cholelithiasis.

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Clinical data of 288 elderly patients who received general, spinal or epidural anesthesia from June 1976 through September 1977 were studied, as compared to 43 patients from 40 to 55 years of age (A group) . The elderly patients included 213 patients from 65 to 74 years of age (B group) and 75 patients above 75 years of age (C group) .
Results are as follows :
1. Induction dose of thiamylal and maintenance concentration of halothane were distributed more frequently to lowest range in C group, to middle range in B group, and to highest range in A group, respectively. However, dose or concentration required in a few elderly patients were as large as in A group, suggesting disparity between chronological and biological age.
2. Dose (mg/kg/hour) of pancuronium necessary for abdominal muscle relaxation was larger in B group than in A group, being largest in C group. The elderly patients anesthetized with neuroleptanesthesia required more pancuronium than the patients under nitrous oxide-oxygen-halothane anesthesia.
3. The intraoperative fluid requirements, usually about 8-9 ml/kg/hour, were increased in the patients undergoing prostatectomy or anesthetized with neuroleptanesthesia, as compared with other cases.
4. Results failed to show a significant correlation between urinary output and the volume of the intraoperative fluids.
5. Hypotension following induction and endotracheal intubation was observed in about one-third of the cases anesthetized with thiamylal, and in more than half of the cases anesthetized with neuroleptanesthesia or ketamine, which was used for the patients with bronchial asthma or bleeding.
6. During gastrectomy under nitrous oxide-oxygen-halothane anesthesia, blood pressures were higher in C group than in B group. The elderly patients undergoing gastrectomy under neuroleptanesthesia showed higher blood pressure than the patients under nitrous oxide-oxygen-halothane anesthesia, during earlier period of surgical procedure. However, this relationship was reversed during later period of surgical procedure.
7. During prostatectomy, blood pressures were lower in B group under epidural anesthesia than in the elderly patients under nitrous oxide-oxygen-halothane anesthesia, being lowest in C group under epidural anesthesia.
8. The incidence of hypotension to be treated with vasopressor was higher in neuro-leptanesthesia than in spinal anesthesia, being highest in epidural anesthesia.
9. The incidence of hypertension above 160 mmHg was higher in the patients with hypertension or anesthetized with neuroleptanestheisa, as compared to other cases.
10. The need for blood transfusion was determined by preoperative hematocrit, blood loss, and the age of the patient.

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It is known that animal hypnosis is induced by either inversion, giving a pressure on body parts or monotonous repetitive stimulation. The characteristics of animal hypnosis were investigated by frequency analysed EEG. To creat animal hypnosis, rabbits were inverted in a wooden chute or either a pressure to the base of the ear or peripheral low frequency stimulation was given. EEG of various subcortical regions under animal hypnosis by inversion showed a reduction of B and a activities in 252 of 374 trials (67.4%) in 39 rabbits or a reduction of θ (21.9%) or α (6.4%) alone. In the later of inversion, the delayed augementation of a was accompanied in 249 of 374 trials (66.7%) Similar changes were induced by other procedures to creat animal hypnosis. Arousal stimuli at inversion abolished the augemented σ, however the reduction of θ activity did not change.
θ activity induced by inversion always showed a fixed value in various background EEG. This was shown under application of chlorpromazine which reduced θ and augemented α.
These dataes indicated that 1) the characteristic of frequency analysed EEG of animal hypnosis is the reduction of θ and α activities, 2) animal hypnosis is induced by the sites other than those to cause sedative or sleep state.

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The effect of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA), the inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase which is the catalyzer for tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5 HTP), on the duration of animal hypnosis induced by inversion has been investigated to test the possibility of the involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 HT) in animal hypnosis.
The duration of animal hypnosis in rabbits was diminished gradually for 9 days and the diminished duration of animal hypnosis lasted for about 3 weeks by treatment of 300 mg/kg of PCPA.
Animal hypnosis could be divided into two periods by reference of frequency analysed subcortical EEG during inversion. One is the period of reduced θ and α activities and the other is of the additional augementation of δ activity. PCPA mainly reduced the second period and influenced on the first period slightly.
When 40 mg/kg 5 HTP, a precussor of 5 HT, was applied intraperitoneally 21 days after PCPA treatment, the reduced duration of animal hypnosis which exhibited first period of EEG alone increased to control value causing second period of EEG change.
These dataes indicated the involvement of 5 HT in the maintenance of the second period of animal hypnosis by inversion.

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Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in 36 parts of the body was examined on 92 junior high school girl subjects in Tokyo, and 167 junior and senior high school girls in Okinawa. During their menarche years, the thickness and distribution of SAT were studied and the following results were obtained :
1) Before menarche, the thickness of SAT on most parts of body was thicker in Tokyo girls than in Okinawa girls, and was especially predominant on the hip, abdomen and the proximal parts of the extremities of Tokyo girls. However, no geography related differences were seen around the nipple and waist.
2) On the premenarche girls in Tokyo, the thickness of SAT was largest primarily at the lower halves of the hip, secondarily at the upper hip and upper posterior thigh, followed by the middle region of the thigh and waist, and the nipple, calf and navel in that order. This distribution pattern of SAT seemed to be nearly the same on the premenarche girls in Okinawa ; although the thickness of SAT around the nipples of Okinawa girls was equal to that in the middle thigh and waist, while on the calf it was thinner than in Tokyo girls.
3) The thickness of SAT in the nipple part proceeded to increase for one year in Tokyo girls and for 2.5-3.5 years in Okinawa girls after menarche. It reached the thickness of hip, middle thigh and waist SAT in Tokyo girls, and matched the largest parts in Okinawa girls.
4) On the post-menarche girls, the thickness of SAT increased strikingly in the thigh, calf and proximal parts of the upper extremities during 1-2 years after menarche in Tokyo, while in Okinawa the thickness gradually enlarged during 3-4 years after menarche and reached the same values as those of Tokyo girls. The thickness of SAT which was seen in the post-menarche girls in Tokyo was greater than in Okinawa in the shoulder, abdomen, hip, anterior parts of the lower extremities and posterior parts of the legs.
5) In the post-menarche years, the development of thickness of SAT was a rapid type in Tokyo and a gradual type of Okinawa. The former seemed to be close to the type seen in Kagoshima prefecture which was reported by Kawamura (1954) .
These facts suggest that the differences in development of thickness of SAT in young girls during their post-menarche years is one of the effects of regional environment differences.

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We investigated the effects of NKK-105, diisopropyl 4-hydroxy-1, 3-dithiolan-2-ylidene malonate (NKK-103), diisopropyl 1, 3-dithiolan-2-ylidene malonate (NKK-100), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and trithio-p-methoxy phenylpropene (TMPP) on the hepatic blood flow, bile flow and biliary components of Beagle dogs and Sprague-Dawlay rats. The results were as follows
1) NKK-105 showed little inhibitory effect on respiration, and lowering of blood pres-sure by about 20 mmHg in the dogs by a dose of 5.0 mg/kg, i.v..
2) NKK-105 (5.0 mg/kg, iv.) caused a significant increase in the quantity of hepatic blood flow and bile flow in the dogs. The similar effect was observed by the administration of NKK-103 and NKK-100. UDCA increased bile flow but had no effect on the hepatic blood flow. TMPP decreased hepatic blood flow but had little effect on the bile flow.
3) NKK-105 and NKK-103, when administered to rats, increased bile flow, but had no effect by administration of NKK-100.
4) An increase in the biliary bile acids, bilirubin and lipids concentration was observed after the i.v. administration of NKK-105, NKK-103, NKK-100 and UDCA in the dogs. TMPP increased the excretion of bilirubin markedly but had little effects on the bile acids and lipids.
5) NKK-105 and NKK-100 increased the excretion of bile acids, bilirubin and lipids in the bile components of rats. NKK-103 had no effects on the excretion of bile components of rats.

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Myofibrous organization of the M. tibialis anterior of 9, one and a half year old rats which were subjected to running exercise on a treadmill, were examined and compared with controls.
The following results were achieved:
1) Muscle weight, cross sectional area of venter, total number of muscle fibers and thickness of muscle fibers were greater in males and the number of muscle fibers per sq. mm, was higher in females. On the other hand, the experimental males were well developed in cross sectional area of venter, total number of muscle fibers and thickness of muscle fiber, and the control females had greater thickness of muscle fibers, in general.
2) White or red muscle fibers always exceeded intermediate fibers in control females. Intermediate fibers were always least in evidence. Exercise increased the number of white fibers in both sexes, slightly decreased red fibers in females ; and decreased intermediate fibers, slightly in females, and greatly in males.
3) The thickness order for each type of muscle fiber was always : largest, white; then intermediate ; and red, smallest. All three of these types were larger in male than in female. On the other hand, white and red fibers in males were larger in the experimental group than in the control group, and those of females were larger in the control group.
4) In comparison of body weight with thickness of muscle fiber for experimental and control groups, no significant differences were observed in the red muscle fiber of both groups. For the intermediate fiber, there was no correlation with body weight of the control group, but muscle size was positively correlated with body weight in the experimental group. White fiber size was positively correlated with body weight for both control and experimental groups.
5) The thickness of muscle fiber was increased in male and decreased in female by exercise. The increase rate was greatest in white fiber, second in red fiber and least in intermediate fiber ; and the rate of decrease was largest in the intermediate fiber.
6) The relative cross sectional area occupied by the each type of muscle fiber was always largest for white fiber. Comparing the experimental with the control group, white fiber was larger in both sexes in the experimental group, red fiber was larger in females in the control group, and in males in the experimental groups. Intermediate fiber was larger in both sexes in the control group than in the experimental groups.
7) It is concluded that the following factors are important in the sex related differences of muscle fiber change: decrease in the number of intermediate fibers and increase of the red fibers in the male; and decrease in size of each type of muscle fiber, especially intermediate fiber, in the female, and which were caused by excessive exercises, especially for females.

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1) Urinary β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) excretion level increased remarkably at several days after irradiation to tumor.
This seemed likely to reflect tumor cell destruction.
2) There was a tendency of decreased BAIBA excretion level after long term administration of anti-tumor substances.
These findings were presumably due to decreased thymidine pool in organisms.
3) The ability of BAIBA degradation was higher in genetic low BAIBA excretors than in genetic high excretors.
In the situation of increased BAIBA excretion level, which reflected increased thymine catabolism, there was some differences in BAIBA excretion pattern between low excretors and high excretors; in low excretors, the amount of increased BAIBA excretion was smaller than in high excretors.

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Polyarteritis nodosa is not often in frequency and further in childhood than in adulthood. An autopsy case of polyarteritis nodosa complicated by rupture of left coronary ar-tery aneurysm in nine years old girl was reported with some literatures.

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In clinical pediatric anesthesia, the authors compared the Bain's circuit with the Dundas' circuit, under manual controlled ventilation with the fresh gas flow of 31/min by means of blood gas study.
The following results were obtained.
1. On the Bain's circuit, normal arterial carbon dioxide tension (Pa_co2) could be obtained. But on the Dundas'circuit, lower Pa_co2 was obtained and the respiratory alkalosis developed.
2. On the Bain's circuit, direct linear correlation was recognized between Pa_co2 and body weight, but on the Dundas'circuit such correlation was not recognized.
3. On the Bain's circuit, moderate increase of CO₂ washout was observed in the patients weighing less than 10 kg body weight, therefore we presumed that the fresh gas flow might be reduced further in the children under 10 kg body weight.
4. In regard to oxygenation, between two circuits we could not found statistically significant difference.
From above results, the authors concluded that the fresh gas flow of 31/min was sufficient to guarantee the adequate CO₂ washout from the body with the Bain's circuit in children, but the same fresh gas flow to Dundas' circuit caused the respiratory alkalosis.

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The clinical picture of localized encephalitis is characterized by the sudden onset of severe gait ataxia with complete recovery within a few months.
This condition is not rare, there have been many cases reported in the past, though neurotological observations have not been made enough in the recent papers.
Two cases of localized encephalitis were viewed from neurotological aspects.
Case 1. A boy aged 10 developed ataxia, double vision, dysarthria and vomiting. A slight degree of adiadochokinesis and intention tremors were found in the upper extremities.
Neurotological findings indicated the upper brain-stem and cerebellar dysfunction.
Case 2. A boy of 14 had slight vertigo and tinnitus for ten months. In early November, 1976, headache was followed by drowsiness. It decreased for one week, then ptosis, abducens palsy and hemiparesis developed.
Neurotological findings revealed an expansive process in the region of brain-stem.
CT scanning performed on two cases did not show any abnormalities.
Neurotological examination may elicit valuable additional information also when such a expansive process is suspected elsewhere than in brain-stem.

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There are conflict evaluations on the effects of vasodilator drugs for the postoperative low output syndrome (LOS) . We have used sodium nitroprusside for perioperative hypertension and postoperative LOS without ill effects.
The cardiac output and urine volume were increased in the most situations, but decreased in the some situations. It seems difficult to as certain the net effects of sodium nitroprusside on LOS, as the severity of LOS, simultaneous use of inotropic drugs, the state of circulating blood volume and others may influence a great deal on its action.
But we realized that sodium nitroprusside is a much and useful agent as a periopera-tively available antihypertensive drug, as long as the continuous arterial pressure monitoring and the small starting dose are used.

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