The reduction of methyl esters of C₁₈-unsaturated acids by the hydrogen transfer from organic compounds was examined in the presence of homogeneous catalysts. The hydrogen transfer systems are devided into two groups. The one to which indoline- (NH₄) ₂PdCl₄, indoline-PdCl₂, and isopropyl alcohol-RuCl₂ (PPh₃) ₃ belong showed following characteristics : (1) the reactivity of linoleate was much higher than that of trans-9. trans-12-octadecadienoate. (2) The reactivity of alkali conjugated dienes was much higher than that of linoleate. (3) The selectivity to monoenes was complete in the reaction of dienes and oleate and elaidate were not reduced. (4) The rate of cis-trans isomerization was much slower than that of the reduction of dienes. The other group to which indoline-RuCl₂ (PPh₃) ₃, glucose-RuCl₂ (PPh₃) ₃, and the reactions catalyzed by RuH₂ (PPh₃) ₄ belong has following characteristics : (1) the reactivity of the nonconjugated trans, trans-diene was higher than that of linoleate, and was comparable with that of the conjugated dienes. (2) The rate of the isomerization was fast, cis-trans equilibrium of monoenes was reached, and the position of the equilibrium was varied by hydrogen donors. (3) In most cases the selectivity to monoenes was incomplete and the monoenes also reduced.

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The catalysts for catalytic dimerization of unsaturated fatty acids or esters by flow method were investigated. It was found that the synthetic silica-alumina composed of 70% of SiO₂, 29% of Al₂O₃, 0.7% of Fe₂O₃, 0.1% of CaO, 0.1% of MgO have high catalytic activity for the dimerization of safflower oil and camellia oil themselves and their fatty acid methyl esters.
When the silica-alumina was used for the dimerization of unsaturated fatty acids, the fatty acids were disturbed the dimerization by making metal soaps with the catalyst. However, it was seen that the dimerization of fatty acids is easily carried out without making metal soaps by continuously passing over a catalyst having phosphoric acid deposited on the synthetic silica-alumina as a carrier.

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Tung oil fatty acid ethyl ester, which contained eleostearate in 80 per cent, was diluted with ethyl myristate and heated to cyclize with 0.2wt% sulfur at 160, 220 and 290°C. The yield of cyclic monomer was very higher than that of the cyclization without sulfur. Then thermal treatment of tung oil fatty ester, ethyl oleate and ethyl elaidate with sulfur were analysed by ESR respectively to examine the effect acid ethyl of sulfur. It was found at least that sulfur catalyzed random cis-trans isomerization, i.e. in cyclization trans double bond between 11 and 12 carban of eleostearate was isomerized to cis form remarkably by sulfur.

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In the previous paper of this series, the results showed that the amounts of HA were stable in O/W emulsion, but not in W/O emulsion on account of the decomposition.
In present paper, the authors investigated the structures of decomposition products (n₁, n₂) of HA in W/O emulsion (at 40°C).
To identify n₁ and n₂, these were isolated from emulsion by high speed liquid chromatography (HSLC).
However, the decomposition rate of HA in emulsion was slow; besides, the amounts of n₁ and n₂ were small.
It was known that the decomposition of HA in 1-hexadecanol was more rapid in comparison with W/O emulsion (Naito et al.).
Therefore, HA was decomposed in 1-hexadecanol at 100°C.
Four or five pieces of the decomposition products of HA in 1-hexadecanol were observed, and the decomposion products (n₁′, n₂′) of the same retention time (tR) as n₁ and n₂ in emulsion were isolated and collected from 1-haxadecanol by HSLC.
It was determined that n₁′ was the same compounds as n₁ and n₂′ was the same one as n₂ by the method of HSLC spiking.
IR and MS spectra of n₁′ and n₂′ were determined.
Spectral patterns of n₁′ were coincident with pure hydrocortisone and these of n₂′ were coincident with synthesized 17-ketosteroid.
It was identified from these analytical results that the decomposition products of HA in emulsion were 11β, 17α, 21-trihydroxy-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione and 11 β-hydroxy-4-androstene-3, 17-dione.

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1. The complex lipids were extracted from the muscle of a marine bivalve, Barnea (Umitakea) dilatata japonica with chloroform-methanol (2 : 1, vol/vol).
2. The lipids were treated mildly with diluted alkali and the alkaline stable lipids were fractionated on silicic acid column chromatography.
3. Sphingolipids were isolated and characterized as ceramide monohexoside (CMH) and ceramide 2-aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP). Sphingomyelin and ceramide 2-N-methylaminoethylphosphonate were not found in the alkaline stable lipids fraction.
4. CMH was composed of galactosyl ceramide which contained octadecasphingadienine as the main long chain bases and hexadecanoic acid as the main fatty acids.
5. Ceramide moiety of CAEP was mainly composed of hexadecanoic acid and octadecasphingadienine, and only 2-aminoathylphosphonic acid was detected in the water-soluble components of CAEP.

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The physico-chemial properties of the detergents (sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate 25%, builder 25%, sodium silicate 5%, sodium sulfate 44%, and carboxymethyl cellulose 1%, ) were studied in order to decrease the quantity of sodium tripoly-phosphate (STPP) in the detergents. Builders were examined for binary systems consisting of STPP and sodium citrate in the ratios of 1 : 0, 3 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 3, and 0 : 1 by weight. The detergents were also examined for pH, surface tension, foam performance, dispersion capacities, soil redeposition, and detergency. The detergents with binary components of STPP and sodium citrate behaved more effectively than a detergents with single component of sodium citrate.

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The phase transition phenomena of four normal higher primary bromides containing 22, 24, 26 and 28 carbon atoms were investigated using a differential scanning calorimeter (Perkin Elmer DSC-1B), and irreversible transformation phenomena which take place on prolonged storage at constant temperature were also studied.
The rotational phase transitions expected from the results of previous X-ray and dielectric studies of these bromides are observed as a first order phase transition accampanying latent heat.
The recrystallized sample (β₀ form) shows only one endothermic melting peak on heating DSC. This form is most stable one and reveals no phase transition phenomena. The molten sample shows two exothermic peaks on cooling. These peaks correspond to freezing and transition phenomena. The low temperature phase which first appears below the transition point (β₁ form) shows phase transition phenomenon on heating. This β₁ form is metastable one and gradually transforms to another form (β₂ form) on storage spontaneously. The β₂ form shows no transition phenomenon on heating and is more stable than the β₁ form. However, this β₂ form transforms to most stable one (β₀ form) irreversibly, on prolonged storage at constant temperature The β₀ form melts at higher temperature than the melting point of β₂ form. These irreversible transformations occur a wide temperature range below the transition points.
The complicated thermal behaviors of these bromides is interpreted using a free energy-temperature diagram.

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