High Molecular weight polycarboxylates, which contain biodegradable segments in the polymer chain, are accepted as the substrates for the extracellular enzymes of environmental microbes. They were prepared as an attempt to develop biodegradable polycarboxylates, and their biodegradability and builder performance in heavy duty detergent formulations were evaluated. Polycarboxylates containing sugar groups as biodegradable segments were prepared by partial dicarboxylation of naturally occurring polysaccharides via dialdehydes. In addition, polycarboxylates containing vinyl alcohol groups as biodegradable segments were prepared by radical copolymerization of functional carboxylate monomers and vinyl acetate with subsequent saponification. Polymers that contain chain length longer than a definite chain length of sugar blocks or polyvinyl alcohol blocks as biodegradable segments, which are incorporated into the polymer chain in such a manner that they are accepted as substrates by the corresponding degrading enzymes, are biodegradable in the environment. The biodegradability and builder performance of these polymers varied inversely with the content of the biodegradable segment in the polymer chain. The influence of the polymer structure on biodegradability and builder performance was analyzed. In addition, polycarboxylates containing ester linkages, acetal linkages or carbonyl groups were also evaluated and compared for their biodegradability and builder performances.

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Candida antarcticaにより生産されるバイオサーファクタント (マンノシルエリトリトールリピッド, MEL) について, 種々の基質を用いその脂肪酸代謝を調べた!偶数鎖長の基質を用いた場合には, C₈, C₁₀, C₁₂の脂肪酸が主成分となっていた。また, 奇数鎖長の基質を用いた場合には, C₇, C₉, C₁₁ の脂肪酸が主成分となっていた。さらに, リノール酸メチル基質とした場合には, trans-3-デセン酸とcis-4-デセン酸が不飽和脂肪酸の主成分となっていた。一方, 菌体内の主要脂質であるトリアシルグリセリンについて同様に脂肪酸組成を調べたところ, その構成脂肪酸は用いる基質の鎖長により大きく変化することがわかった。実験結果より, 脂肪酸代謝経路は菌体外糖脂質である MEL と菌体脂質では明らかに異なっており, さらに MEL 中の大部分の中鎖脂肪酸は, 与えた基質のβ酸化中間体であることが判明した。MELの脂肪酸合成には, 従来微生物で知られている脂肪酸代謝経路とは異なる “鎖長短鎖化経路” (不完全型β酸化) が関与していることが示された。また, 本結果に見られるような糖脂質生合成に直接関与する “鎖長短鎖化経路” の存在は, これまでに報告のないものであった。

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我々が合成した極めて簡単な構造の糖脂質 3-アセチル-4-ジドデシルカルバモイル-2- (D-manno-ペンタヒドロキシペンチル) チアゾリジン; Man (Lau) ₂ は結晶状のキチン, キトサンを今までにない穏和な条件で加水分解するキチナーゼ, キトサナーゼモデルとなる。本報ではさらに様々な糖残基を有する糖脂質を合成し, それを用いてキチン, キトサンの加水分解を行い, その分解活性と基質選択性について動力学的に調査した。その結果, 反応に用いたすべての糖脂質が加水分解反応を触媒することが明らかになり, 糖残基のヒドロキシル基の立体配置によって加水分解の程度に相違があることが確認できた。特にC-4位のヒドロキシル基の立体配置が加水分解の活性程度に大きく影響することが今回の結果より示唆された。一方キチンを基質選択的に加水分解する糖脂質は共通してその糖残基にメチル基のような疎水性部位が存在しており, ある種の糖脂質においてはキトサンの12倍ほど速くキチンを加水分解した。

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The adsorption of a cationic-anionic surfactants mixed system on keratin powder was studied using keratin powder in place of hair. The anionic adsorption isotherm of anionic surfactant was of the Langmuir-type. Those of cationic surfactant and cationic-anionic surfactant mixed system showed irreversible adsorption owing to strong interaction with keratin powder. The extent of adsorption was maximum at molar ratio 7/3 of cationic/anionic surfactants. The kinetic frictional coefficient was least and interaction between surfactants and ovalbumin, weakest. That the cationic-anionic surfactants mixed system has the properties of nonionic surfactant in aqueous solution and that the monomer concentrations of cationics having strong irritation decrease may suffice as explanation for the above results.

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A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system with a light scattering detector (mass detector) was established to determine the relationship between signal response and molecular species of triacylglycerol. Following the injection of sufficient amounts of samples, the detector showed very good reproducibility. Signal intensity from the detector increased with sample retention time. The logarism of sample amount was proportional to the logarithm of responsibility. Responsibility was influenced by nebulizing pressure and evaporator temperature of the detector. Quantitative analysis using a mass detector with a calibration curve gave results more accurate than those obtainable by a reflactive index detector.

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Sulfonation of maleic acid monoesters of EOAA (ethylene oxide adducts of C₁₂₁₄ s-alcohols) using sodium sulfite or sodium hydrogensulfite were conducted under various reaction conditions. Disodium salts of sulfonatosuccinic acid monoester of EOAA were obtained in high yield and purity by adjusting reaction temperature, atmosphere (N₂), molar ratios of reactants and pH at the start of reactions while supressing the oxidation of sulfites and hydrolysis of monoesters of products or/and raw material. Examination was also made of hydrolysis of salts of maleic acid monoesters or salts of sulfonatosuccinic acid monoesters of EOAA at different pH. Molecular orbital calculation indicated the salts of maleic acid monoesters to be hydrolyzed more easily than those of sulfonatosuccinic acid monoesters. Proton NMR analysis and molecular orbital calculation indicated the insersion of the NaSO₃^- group into the double bonds of salts of maleic acid monoesters to occur mainly at the α-position.

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The present study has revealed that anionic surfactants derived from EOAA (ethylene oxide adducts of s-alcohols), especially, salts of sulfonatosuccinic acid monoesters of EOAA have a property of low irritation for skin or eye, and, furthermore, have a property of synergistic effect to eliminate the skin or eye irritation of other anionic surfactants by co-use. These efficiency should be occured from higher surface tension, lower wetting power, larger cmc and larger HLB compared with usual anionics.
Thus, salts of sulfonatosuccinic acid monoesters of EOAA can be used to the detergent for a hair or body shampoo and a light duty liquid detergent as a extremely lower irritating detergent raw material with high safety.

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O/Wエマルションのクリーミングによる水相分離率を画像解析により測定する方法を開発した。
エマルションの水相分離率の変動係数は, 肉眼観察の場合より画像解析装置による場合の方が低く, この傾向は特に分離の初期において顕著であった。 エマルションの水相分離率は, 肉眼観察では調製直後から24 h の間, Stokesの式による理論値より高くなり, 画像解析ではエマルション調製12 h以後で理論値より低くなった。これらの結果から, O/Wエマルションの水相分離率の測定には画像解析法が有効であることが分かった。

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The essential oil was obtained in 0.0027% yield by steam distillation of fresh bud from Medara (Aralia elata Seem. var. subinermis Ohwi), collected from Ashigara-shi in May, 1992. The components of the essential oil were investigated by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses.
Volatile components including 47 monoterpenoids, 11 sesquiterpenoids, and 78 miscellaneous compounds were found present in the essential oil. Characteristic compounds of the essential oil were borneol, 4-terpineol, α and β-pinene, camphene, limonene, (Z) and (E) -2-hexenal, (E) -2-heptenal, (2E, 4E) -2, 4-heptadienal, (E) -2-nonenal, (2E, 4E) -2, 4-nonadienal, (2E, 4E) -2, 4-decadienal, 3- (methylthio) propanal, perillene, 2-ethylfuran, (Z) -jasmone, sabinene hydrate and 4-hexanalide.

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