In this department Prof. Tabayashi has been engaged in the studies on the absorption of various therapeutic solutions through the lower urinary tract. The urinary bladder has unique anatomic structure as well as physiologic function. Numerous studies have been published on the question as to the absorptive or non-absorptive ability of the bladder particularly since 1818-1824, with relatively indifinite results. However, in recent years, many researches, especially those of Frey (1923), So (1927), Shigematsu (1927), Hishikawa (1928), Schär (1938), Alvarez-Ierena (1952), Maluf (1953) and others cover the subject from many angles. The views expressed by these authors do not always agree and there are still many complicated and delicate problems which require further elucidation.
In this laboratory, N. Abe (1950) found in a series of preliminary experiments that, of the 18 therapeutic solutions introduced into the bladder in 19 different manners, 8 were absorbed 8 not absorbed, while3 were excreted within a certain stated period of observation. Furthermore, T. Oi (1952) determined quantitatively the amount of 0.1% silver nitrate and 3% protein silver solutions absorbed at hourly intervals, and H. Morijima and N. Sahako (1954) reported histological findings in detail.
The fact that the function of the bladder may be so modified in regard to absorption, non-absorption or excretion by varying the. concentration of sodium chloride has an important significance in understanding the behavior of the organ towards various therapeutic agents. The following experiments using solutions of sodium chloride were undertaken at the suggestion of Prof. Tabayashi. These solutions were prepared with sodium chloride in concentrations ranging from 0.9 to 0.7%, the range isotonic for the rabbit bladder, and hypertonic solutions contained the salt to the extent of 2-5-10%, while hypotonic solutions were made in 0.5-0.2-0% in distilled water. After the instillation of 20cc of the test solution into the isolated bladder of rabbits weighting approximately 2kg each, the quantitatively as well as the sodium chloride content of the solution was determined at 7 intervals, namely, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours.
Sodium chloride was determined by the method of Rusznyak in 100 animals, and the results are tablated 3-9, and in figures 2-18.
These results reveal a rather complex picture of delicate, prompt and rapidly changing behavior of the bladder, which is difficult to express in simple statements, and yet they seem to fit into a certain definite pattern. The more important features may be briefly stated as follows:
1. With 0.9 solution, which was the nearest to the isotonic concentration in the present experiment, the behavior resembled somewhat that of a hypertonic solution, that is, no changes in the volume after 30 minutes, but an increase of 1.3cc in one hour and within 4 hours the volume was reversed to the original 20cc, while after 12-24 hours a decrease of 1.5cc due to absorption. The sodium chloride content showed a very slight decrease during the first 4 hours, but absorption occured to the extent of 11.9% in 6 hours, 13.2% in 12 hours and 25.5% in 24 hours. Considered from the standpoint of salt concentration during the excretory phase, after a period of about 2 hours in which slight fluctuations were noted a tendency to decrease was noted in 4 hours, with values of 0.79% in 12 hours and 0.74% in 24 hours. Thus, it is clear that the total volume of injected solution increased at first, while the amount of sodium chloride decreased slightly, which is hypertonic in type, but the concentration became lower as time passed, showing the absorption of both the water and the salt contents.
2. With this preliminary experiment as the basis of observation, further experiments using hypertonic solutions (2-5-10% of sodium chloriede) were carried out, in which the increase in water (due to excretion) and the decrease of salt

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During the histological study of sperm invasion phenomenon, it was noticed that the head of the spermatozoon stained metachromatically with toluidine blue, and, moreover, that the basophilia of the spermatozoon diminished gradually as it was released from the seminiferous eepithelia and reached epididymis.
The finding was of interest because it might elucidate chemical changes involved in the maturing phenomenon of germ cells. So the nature of this metachromatic substance were studied in relation to morphological changes of the maturing spermatozoon.
Materials were obtained from men by biopsy or at operation. Rabbits testicles were also studied. They were fixed in absolute alcohol and embedded in paraffin, cut, and stained with the buffered (Walpole buffer ranging from pH 1.2-4.2) aquaeous toluidine blue solution. Fixatives containing heavy metal salts end formaldehyde, usually used in testicular tissues, inhibited or abolished metachromasia. Various other histochemical procedures were run in parallel sections.
The results obtained may be summarized as follows. The head of the maturing spermatozoon stained metachromatically above pH 2.3. The metachromasy was first noticed when the nuclei of spermatids took the form of spermatozoon heads and disappeared after they lost contast with Sertoli nuclei. So the appearance and disappearance of metachromasy roughly coincided with that of acrosomic material.
As metachromasy was saliva, and hyaluronidase resistent, it was suggested that the metachromasy was not due to polysaccharide known to be present in germ cells. As will be reported in the later issues, the metachromatic staining was most likely due to DNA, especially to highly polymerized one.
In some of the specimens, numerous intensely basophilic, but not metachromatic corpuscles were noticed at the margin of seminiferous epithelia. These corpuscles corresponded with “residual body” of Leblond and Clermont, the exact chemical nature of which has not been established. The basophilia of these corpuscles completely disappeared after the treatment with ribonuclease suggesting that these were composed of RNA.

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Ninety seven examples of urinary calculi, fifty eight of which are kidney stones, were studied by microscopical and X-ray methods. About one hundred and twenty thin slices were prepared for this purpose, and examined by the polarization (petrographic) microscope.
These calculi are grouped as follows:
1) Oxalate calculi (54): Consist of CaC₂O₄⋅2H₂O, CaC₂O₄H₂O and apatite, sometimes lacking in CaC₂O₄⋅2H₂O.
2) Struvite calculi (2): Contains brushite and apatite, one of these contain oxalates.
3) Struvite calculi (27): Contains struvite (MgNH₄PO₄⋅6H₂O) and apatite, frequently accompanied with oxalates.
4) Uric acid calculi (12): Contains uric acid, many of these also contain oxalates.
5) Cystine calculus (1): Mainly cystine.
6) Unknown calculus (1): Mainly an unidentified substance. This is not found in the literatures hither to known.
A substance, forming minute fibres and frequently spherolites, is assumed to be newberyite (MgHPO₄⋅3H₂O). Seven calculi contain this substance as a minor component.
Because of its optically isotropic character and of its massive form, it is scarcely possible to identify apatite from other truely amorphous and amorphous-like substances.
These amorphous and amorphous-like substances (mainly apatite) are found in all calculi and the first products of many calculi are these.
Frequently weddellite (CaC₂O₄⋅2H₂O) was crystallized in the already formed part of the amorphous substances, cutting the hands of them.
Whewellite (CaC₂O₄⋅H₂O) crystals are divided into three types. Granular whewellite is the secondary product after weddellite, fine-grained comes after apatite, and radial is primary one crystallized directly from urine.
The term of whewellitization is proposed for explanation on the relation between weddellite and whewellite, and the crystallization course of whewellite.
The first stage of whewellitization is the change from CaC₂O₄⋅2H₂O to CaC₂O₄⋅H₂O, and followed by further growth of pseudomorphous whewellite or crystallization of radial whewellite.
The structures of the main components and their crystallization velocity are as follows.
1) Apatite: massive (slow).
2) Whewellite (CaC₂O₄⋅H₂O): granular (pseudomorph after weddellite), fine-grained (from apatite), radial (rapid).
3) Weddellite (CaC₂O₄⋅2H₂O): disordered in apatite (rather slow), dentritic (rather rapid).
4) Brushite (CaHPO₄⋅2H₂O): rudely radial (rather rapid).
5) Struvite (MgNH₄PO₄⋅6H₂O): beehive-shaped (slow), zonal alternation with apatite (rather rapid), sutured (rapid).
6) Uric acid: granular (rather slow), radial (rapid).
7) Cystine: radial (rapid).
8) An unidentified substance: radial (rather rapid).
From the paragenetical relations, the crystallization conditions of components are assumed as follows.
1) Acidic condition-Uric acid.
2) Ordinary condition-Apatite and weddellite.
3) Ordinary but pathological condition-Whewellite.
4) Alkaline condition-Struvite.
No minute crystal as kernel of a calculus is not found in any slice. As kernels most calculi contain massive apatites and other amorphous substances, with relatively large sizes, and it is notable that an oxalate calculus or its fragment frequently forms the secondary kernel of a calculus of other kind.

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