Investigations on the origin and development of the ureter are few. The ureter lies in the sacral fossa during the early fetal stage, and, accompanying the developmental ascent of the kidney, it also grows and develops, but it undergoes rather complicated changes at various stages, finally appears to form a complex structure during the last stage, such as seen in the adult.
In the present investigation, the another attempted construction of retrograde pyeloureteral figures using 200 fetuses ranging in age from 4th to 10th fetal months, from which 120 specimens were selected on the basis of quality enabling satisfactory observations. The measured values were calculated from the combination of various lines and angles (compare the figures this month) with the first base line, corresponding to the longitudinal line dividing the verteral bodies into two equal halves, and with the second base line which is the conjugate of iliac arests on both sides. Statistical tables of the values so obtained were then analyzed in respect to sexes and fetal months.
1) Position of the transition (point A) of the pelvis to the ureter. During the 4th fetal month, this point is at the lower third of lumbal III on the right, but it is in the middle of lumbal III and IV on the left. During the 10th fetal month, however, it lies at the lower third on the right but on the left it ascends to the middle one-third of lumbal II.
2) Position of the first constriction (point B) of the ureter. During the 4th fetal month, this point is located at the lower third of lumbal III on the right and at the lower third of lumbal IV on the left.
3) Position of the second constriction (point C) of the ureter. The exact location of this point is not clear during the 4th fetal month, but during the following month it lies in the the middle of sacral III and IV on the right and at the middle third of sacral III on the left. However, during the 10th fetal month this point is found in the middle third of sacral II and III on both sides.
4) The portion of the ureter in closest contact with the first base line. During the 4th fetal month this portion lies at the lower third of lumbar V on the right and at the middle of lumbal V and sacral I on the left. However, during the 10th fetal month it moves up to the upper third of sacral III on the right and to the middle third of sacral II on the left.
5) The portion of the ureter farthest removed from the first base line is found during the 4th fetal month to be at the middle third of lumbal IV on the right, but on the left it is in the middle of lumbal III and IV. During the 10th fetal month it is in the middle of lumbal III-IV on the right, and on the left it is at the upper third of lumbal III.
6) Growth of points B and C of the ureter. During the 5th fetal month the right side shows a growth of 23.2mm. and the left 21.06mm. These figures in crease to 46.24mm on the 1158 right and 47.00mm on the left during the 10th fetal month.
7) The first angle of directional line (the angle formed by the line drawn from the pyeloureteral transition point to the first constriction of the ureter and the first base line) measures approximately 40° on both sides and shows no change throughout the entire fetal life.
8) The second angle of directional line (the angle formed by the line drawn from the second to the second constriction of the ureter and the first base line) changes from about 10° during the 4th fetal month on both sides to approximately 5° during the 10th fetal month.
9) The third angle of directional line (the angle formed by the line from the second to the third constriction of the ureter and the first base line) is about 43° on the right and 37.1° on the left during the 5th fetal month. During the 10th month, however, it becomes 24.4° on the right and 30.1° on the left.
10) The position of the passage of the ureter was determined by the distance from they original point o

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The purpose of this work is to summerrize the study on renal hematuria performed at our department since 1955 under the direction of Prof. Harada. The discussion was described in three chapters.
Chapter I:
The auther proposed to classify the pathogenesis of renal hematuria into seven groups based on the literal, experimental studies and five year clinical experience at our department.
1) Renal hematuria due to abnormality of autonomic nervous system associated with disturbance of renal circulation.
2) Hematuria due to increased Permeability of renal capillaries following renal anoxia.
3) Hematuria due to various nephritis or pyelitis.
4) Hematuria due to allergy.
5) Hematuria due to communication between calyces and renal veins.
6) Hematuria due to focal infection.
7) Bleeding from minor lesions in the kidney.
Chapter II:
In order to demonstrate the pathogenesis of hemturia in localized pyelopapillitis, an animal experiment was carried out.
The renal hematuria was induced in the dog after relieving the experimentally produced high intrapelvic pressure
The autopsy finding of the dog was compatible with that of the focal pyelopapillitis and the histological study in removed human kidney was revealed the rupture of the apices of the calyces.
From these observation, the auther explained the hematuria in pyelopapillitis by pyelovenous communication due to increased intrapelvic pressure.
The experiment in rabbit demonstrated that the different hydrodynamic action to the individual calyces was dependent upon their shape, size and calyx angle.
Chapter III:
In this chapter, the usual treatment for hematuria was briefly described, then diagnosis and fundamental treatment for different types of hematuria were discussed.
The auther especially stressed the following subjects.
1) A screening test to differentiate the hematuria was presented.
2) There are two kinds of blocking agents, each of which works central or peripheral to treat the hematuria due to abnormal autonomic nervous system.
3) New method to diagnose diapedesing renal hematuria was created based upon the theory for diapedesing renal hematuria by Okamoto.
4) The measurement of plasma γ-globulin is necessary for the diagnosis of allergic renal hematuria and hematuria due to focal infection.
5) The operation to reduce glomerular and intratublar pressure is quite effective for diapedesing renal hematuria.
6) Emphasis was made to note that the kidney with dysuric pelvis would also induce the hematuria.
7) The first trial to discontinue the hematuria by the desensitization using staphylotoxoid was succesful in two patients.
8) A diagnosis of the hemorrhage from the minor lesion in the kidney was made by the clinical screening test before operation and was confirmed by the removed kidney.
9) As described above, the renal hematuria are differentiated into various types and the enthusiasm of the doctors for the individual cases are greatly demanded.

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The author examined where and how the colicky pain and/or abnormal sensation appeared in 54 cases suffering from the lithiasis of the upper urinary tract. Renal pain appeared from the flank to the loin in the region of D_9-11, while ureteral pain along the course of the ureter in the region of D₉-L₁.
The positions of pain and/or abnormal sensation could be classified into three types. It was possible, in most of the cases, to presume the location of the calculus from the finding of these types.
The clinical observations were coincident well with the results of the experimental studies, where renal or ureteral pains were produced by instillation of fluid through an ureteral catheter or inflation of bag of a balloon catheter. The intrapelvic pressure at the onset of pain was about 50-90mm. Hg.
Instillation of the mixture of acetylcholine-and vagostigmine solution into the upper urinary tract caused occurrence of pain. From the facts that contracture of the urinary tract was demonstrated at the time on an x-ray film and thus induced pain could not be ameriolated by application of the xylocaine solution, an anesthetic of the mucous membrane, attack of pain is considered to be originated from the spasm of the musculature of the wall or increase of the ureteral peristalsis. The tenderness or abnormal sensation was experimentally induced even inn cases following renal decapsulation.
During the colicky attack there is no elimination of contrast medium from the calculous kidney which reveals a good excretory pyelogram in otherwise period. This phenomenon was described by Boeminghaus, and McCahey in the occidental countries and Takahashi and Tsuchiya, and Tsuji and Mizuno in Japan. However pathogenesis of this phenomenon has not been clarified.
The cystoscopic examination of six patients during the colic attack disclosed no elimination of indigocarmine from the affected kidney for fifteen minutes of observation. Excretory urogram also demonstrated delayed or no elimination of contrast medium from that side.
Colicky pain is easily roused in a kidney using the above mentioned balloon catheter. As urine flows freely through a hole of the tip of that catheter, colicky pain is considered to be induced by rapid dilatation of the wall of the urinary tract. Excretory urogram taken ten and twenty minutes respectively after onset of thus induced pain showed no elimination of contrast medium. Balloon was deflated thenceforth and urogram was photographed five minutes, later, which revealed good elimination of the medium.
In the same experiment, where the renal pelvis had been filled with physiological saline solution beforehand, a distinct nephrogram without pelvic and calyseal describing was photographed. Five minutes after release of pain, pyelogram has become manifest and nephrpgram obscure reversely.
Renal function during experimentally induced colic attack was examind by means of clearance tests in persons with a single kidney functioning well. During the attack urea clearance decreased in 63-90 percent. Quantity of urine and urinary urea decreased remarkably, while concentration of urea in blood remained in normal range during this period. R. P. F. decreased from 400-500c.c./min. to 300c.c./min. and G. F. R. from 90-110c.c./min. to 50-75c.c./min. also. It is concluded from these experiments that colic attack causes reflectory contracture of vasa afferentia of the glomeruli which subsequently decreases renal function.

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