The canine and human urinary bladder urotheliums in normal and infectious conditions were studied by scanning electron microscopy.
The surface cells of the collapsed canine bladders showed slightly spherical shape. with coarse folds of the cell membrane. In distended condition these cells became flat and polygonal, presenting fine folds on the cell surfaces.
The suface cells of the normal human bladder projected toward the lumen more spherically compared to the canine bladders, showing fine complicated folds on their surfaces.
In inflammatory conditions the surface cells of the human bladders became flat in general. Especially in chronic cystitis they became completely flat and polygonal. Some cells had more definite folds on their surfaces than normal, others very small projections. In acute cystitis most part of the surface cells desquamated and the rest had numerous granular projections on their surfaces.
The bladder urothelium of the patient suffering from recurrent cystitis was apparently different from that of the normal even when there were no abnormal findings in clinical examinations. The most particular finding was that there existed many intercellular fissures, that might be related to recurrent infection.

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The recent histochemical researches have revealed that the sympathetic nerves innervated to the vesical muscle directly, but also some of them ended in the parasympathetic ganglion in the urinary bladder. In the present study, a series of experiments were made to find out how the above mentioned two types of sympathetic nerve supply act on the spontaneous contraction and the phasic contraction induced by pelvic nerve stimulation in guinea pig bladder, since the former contraction is responsible for the retention of urine and the latter is for the urination.
As a result, the frequency of spontaneous contraction and the associated muscle tone were reduced by the section of the pelvic nerve. However, these changes were not influenced by the subsequent section of the hypogastric nerve. In contrast, if the hypogastric nerve was cut initially, the frequency and muscle tone were increased markedly and the effects of subsequent section of the pelvic nerve were the same as those by section of the pelvic nerve alone. When repetitive electric stimulation was given to the hypogastric nerve, the frequency of spontaneous contraction was reduced with a fall of the muscle tone, though such effects were not produced after section of the pelvic nerve. After application of α-blocking agents, the reduction of spontaneous contraction due to hypogastric nerve stimulation disappeared. Repetitive electric stimulation of pelvic nerve augemented the frequency of the spontaneous contraction and muscle tone. Furthermore, such effects were intensified by section of the hypogastric nerve. Thus this kind of inhibition induced by the hypogastric nerve was only produced in the presence of the pelvic nerve supply. From these results it was estimated that this kind of inhibition of the hypogastric nerve on spontaneous contraction might be a ganglionic inhibition which act on α-adrenergic receptors.
Phasic contraction was induced by electric stimulation of the pelvic nerve and it was partially blocked by atropine or by dTC. The submaximal contraction was not influenced by the absence or presence of the hypogastric nerve, though this contraction was inhibited by electrical stimulation of the hypogastric nerve and this effect disappeared after treatment with β-blocking agents. Therefore, phasic contraction induced by pelvic nerve stimulation is considered to be controlled by the direct inhibition of the sympathetic nerve and this effect was blocked by β-blocking agents. From these observations it was concluded that the sympathetic inhibition to vesecal muscle was revealed by two different manners, one is the depression of the impulse flow in the post ganglionic pelvic nerve and the other is the depression of vesical muscle.

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In most of the works concerning tissue culture of mucosal epithelium of normal bladder, epithelial cells have hardly been cultured without the contamination of fibroblastic cells. The author has developed the method to culture bladder epithelium with no contamination of fibroblasts.
The optimal culture conditions were as follows: Incubation in stationary culture and the medium consisting of 10% calf serum and 90% Eagle's MEM. Under these conditions, about 85% of cultures continued DNA synthesis, at least, for 3 weeks and adhered to the glass surface of culture vessels by 6 weeks. In Roller tube culture, 66% were maintained.
Morphological investigation of the epithelial cells and epithelial cell sheets was carried out by the observation of stained specimens, phase contrast-microscopy and time-lapse cinemicrography.
Cell proliferation was confirmed by radioautography of DNA synthesis with ³H-thymidine as well as by cinemicrography. The labeling index attained the maximum in 1 week of cultivation and DNA synthesis was still noticed by 3 weeks so far as examined.

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Since Matsuda's report on a patient with congenital torsion of the penis in 1939, 19 cases of the penile torsion have been recorded in the literature penile torsion can be defined as a congenital malformation of unknown cause, in which there is a rotation of penis around its longitudinal axis. The degree of torsion is usually 90 degrees or less. Torsion can occur on either side.
Presumably because of the infrequent occurrence of this anomaly, little has been written concerning its surgical management, the publications of Culp and Reale being notable exceptions.
Recently we have seen three cases with the penile torsion, in which two cases were monozygotic (eineiig) twins. In an elder (older) brother, chordee and urethral fistula were present, but abnomalities of the external genitalia were not seen in a younger brother. An additional case had marked chordee and coronal hypospadias. However, all other examinations including excretory urography (IVP) were normal in these cases. The penile torsion of the older brother and the other case with significant chordee, urethral fistula or coronal hypospadias, was corrected by using the method described by Culp. A circumferential incision was made around the penis at the site of torsion and the distal shaft was rotated to a normal position. The final result was very satisfactory. The repair of chordee and hypospadias is scheduled 1 or 2 years after the correction of penile torsion. The surgical correction of torsion in the younger brother of the monogerminal twins was not performed because of significant symptoms.
The literature concerning congenital penile torsion has been reviewed and three cases have been added. It is emphasized that congenital penile torsion as an isolated anomaly is usually asymptomatic and rarely requires surgical correction. When associated with significant chordee or hypospadias, it can be corrected by the addition of one surgical procedure to the usual chordee excision and urethroplasty.

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