A new puncture system for the seminal vesicles using the transrectal real-time linear scanner was developed recently in our laboratory. With this system, perineal puncture for the seminal vesicles can be performed under direct monitoring with real-time ultrasound. The puncture made possible various kinds of examination and therapy for the seminal vesicles such as bacteriological, cytological and chemical analysis of the aspirated fluid, drug injection and so on.
Between Jan. 1981 and June 1984, the method was applied to 65 cases with diseases of the seminal vesicles at our clinic. Of the 65, 53 were seminal vesiculitis, 5 were hemospermia, 5 were prostatic cancer and 2 were others. In the present study, it was clarified that the following items would be possible applications of the method:
1) Obtaining the fluid of the seminal vesicles.
i) Physiologic study on the seminal vesicles by analizing the fluid.
ii) Patho-Physiologic study on hematospermia and seminal vesiculitis.
iii) Diagnosis of prostatic cancer invasion into the seminal vesicles by cytologic study of the aspirated fluid.
2) Direct drug injection into the seminal vesicles.
i) Therapy of seminal vesiculitis and hemospermia.
ii) Seminal vesiculography.
Both laboratory and clinical experiences strongly suggested that this direct puncture method would be a new diagnostic and therapeutic tool for the seminal vesicles in the near future.

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An ultracytochemical study was performed, for the first time, in the rat seminiferous tubules during postnatal development. Differentiation of the spermatogenic and Sertoli cells and changes of phosphatase localizations were studied.
The seminiferous tubules were obtained from the rats of Wistar strain at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5weeks and adult age. Rats in a litter mates were also used for the study of the changes during 12 to 18days after birth. The enzymes studied were acid phosphatase (ACPase) according to Gomori's method and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) by the method of Wachstein and Meisel.
ACPase activity was found in the Golgi apparatuses and lysosomes of all spermatogenic cells in all ages of rats. The activity was also positive in the Golgi apparatuses and lysosomes of both immature and mature Sertoli cells. Spermatids began to appear 4weeks after birth and maturation was completed by 5weeks. Acrosome vesicles and acrosomes at the beginning of cap formation in the early spermatids was ACPase positive, while ACPase activity disappeared in the acrosomal cap as the spermatids matured. The vesicles in the residual bodies of spermatids showed a positive reaction. ACPase activity in the acrosomes of mid and late spermatids might be masked cytochemically by unknown mechanisms until fertilization.
ATPase activity was negative in both spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells until 13days after birth under various conditions of fixation and incubation. In 13days old rats, ATPase activity started to appear in the Golgi apparatuses of spermatogonia and intercellular spaces (ICS) between Sertoli cells facing each other. In 16days old rats, the activity became positive in the ICS between Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells. Gradual increase of the enzyme activity was observed as the rat grew. At the age of 18days, ATPase activity became stronger but the localization was similar. The time course of ATPase activity in seminiferous tubules was coupled with Sertoli cell differentiation forming tight junctions and spermatocyte development. In adult rats, the activity was found in the Golgi apparatuses of both Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells as well as in the ICS between Sertoli cells facing each other and in those between Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells. ATPase activity, however, was negative in the ICS where the spermatogenic cells were facing each other. The present study for the first time described the changes of phosphatase activities during the postnatal development of rat seminiferous tubules. The time course and the distribution of ATPase activity during postnatal testicular development suggest that the enzyme may play some role in metabolic transport between Sertoli cells and developing spermatogenic cells.

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We studied the combined effect with interferons (IFNs) and some conventional drugs or α-difluoromethylornithine (α-DFMO) on a human renal cell carcinoma cell line (KO-RCC-1) and renal cell carcinomas resected from patients, using the double layer soft agar system described by Salmon et al, to establish the most effective chemotherapy for the disease.
Although treatment with a single anticancer drug is effective against the cancer cells only poorly, more long-term treatment is more effective. Treatment with IFNs, anticancer drugs or α-DFMO alone is marginally effective against the cells. The combined treatment of IFN and some conventional anticancer drugs or α-DFMO is more effective. Treatment with recombinant γ-IFN (rec γ-IFN) and cis-platinum or 5-fluorouracil following a 24-hour incubation with the IFN was more effective than that with IFN and the drug given simultaneously.
The polyamine content in KO-RCC-1 cells was decreased to a greater extent by combined treatment with rec γ-IFN and α-DFMO than that of each drug alone. This suggested that rec γ-IFN inhibited the polyamine metabolism of the cells.
Against tumors of the same histological type, the drug effect varies considerably among individuals. By selecting an optimum combination of drugs for individual patients by in vitro clonogenic assay, combination of rec γ-IFN with anticancer drugs and with α-DFMO may be effective for advanced renal cell carcinoma.

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The measurement of the perfusion flow and pressure during the hypothermic perfusion is one of reliable assessments of the viability of the preserved kidney. But the intrarenal flow distribution in the preserved kidney has not been clarified yet. This study was designed to assess the intrarenal hemodynamic changes during the hypothermic perfusion using the hydrogen clearance method.
Material and Methods: Six canine kidneys were preserved for 72hours in the MOX-100 perfusion machine at 4°C. The perfusate was the Albumin Solution supplemented with 5w/v.% Perfluorochemical emulsion (FC-43). The venous outflow was measured directly every 24hours. Simultaneously, the cortical and the medullary flows were measured using the hydrogen clearance method.
Results: The cortical flow was 59% of the venous outflow several hours after the initiation of perfusion when the vasoconstriction seemed to have been resolved. Namely, the cortical flow was already impaired from the early stage of perfusion. After 24hours, the cortical flow and the venous outflow decreased gradually with time, and the former was much more decreased than the latter. In the meantime, the medullary flow was stable during the first 72hours. This result means that the renal damage during the perfusion reflects the decrease of the cortical flow much more than that of the venous outflow.
In conclusion, as the assessment of the viability of the preserved kidney, the measurement of the cortical flow seems to be more valuable than that of the venous outflow. However, since the measurement of the venous outflow is simple, it is more practical than the measurement of the cortical flow as the assessment of the viability.

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Clinical evaluation on treatments of 70cases of neurogenic bladder experienced in the past 3years was carried out. The age of the patients ranged from 13 to 87years (average 58.4years) and sex distinction was 48males to 22females. Duration from the onset of urological symptoms to the first visit in our clinic was more than 6months in half of the patients.
Classification of neurogenic bladder was: 16cases of brain bladder, 25cases of spinal cord bladder, 21cases of peripheral neuropathic bladder and 8cases of other or unknown causes. As the etiology of neurogenic bladder, intrapelvic operations were most frequent and cerebro-vascular diseases and spinal cord injuries followed. Urological complications were 27cases of urinary tract infection, 12cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy, 3cases of renal dysfunction, 3cases of urethral caruncles and others. Residual urine was found in 61% of the patients. Cystometric patterns were classified as 48cases (69%) of flaccid bladder, 7cases of normal type, 6cases of uninhibited bladder, 5cases of spastic bladder, 2cases of so-called inhibited bladder and 2cases of atonic bladder.
63cases (90%) were treated with conservative therapies and 7cases (10%) with surgical ones. For conservative therapies, various drugs were administered in 69cases and 30cases who had significant residual urine were managed with intermittent catheterization. 5cases of TUR-P and 2cases of cystostomy including 1case of Lapides' cutaneous vesicostomy were performed for surgical therapies.
The mean residual volume from 26cases was reduced to 84ml after the intermittent catheterization in comparison with 205ml before the treatment and the mean residual rate to 28.9% from 56.5%. 13 (43%) out of 26cases became catheter-free under the administration of drugs and intermittent catheterization together. The proportion of sterile urine after the intermittent catheterization was 54%.
The results of the present investigation revealed that conservative therapies were effective in reducing residual urine and preserving urine sterile, however, but not in making catheter-free so that additional surgical therapy was necessary.

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A total of 30 patients, comprising 7 normal female volunteers, 13 patients with enuresis, 3 patients with stress incontinence and 7 patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction, underwent studies of isometric detrusor pressure with voluntary and forced flow-stop techniques. Different functions of detrusor contraction were estimated by measurement of maximum isometric detrusor pressure by these two techniques. Maximum isometric pressure curves with these 2 techniques also consist of 2 and 3 phases, respectively, as already reported with male patients. The first phase of each method is a linearly increasing curve, the slope of which seems to indicate the speed of isometric detrusor contraction. The second phase in the curve obtained by the voluntary flow-stop technique is considered to be an inhibitory phase, while that obtained by the forced technique is considered to be a continuing phase followed by a plateau, the third phase.
The maximum isometric pressures obtained with the forced flow-stop technique were statistically higher than those obtained with the voluntary flow-stop technique in normal female volunteers and patients with enuresis (p<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the speed of detrusor contractions obtained with either technique in these patients. There also were relatively good correlations between the maximum isometric pressure and the speed of detrusor contraction obtained with two flow-stop techniques as already reported for male patients. The forced flow-stop technique was necessary to measure the maximum isometric pressure in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction, many of whom could not stop urinary flow voluntarily.

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Ten cases of testicular cancers were treated with cisplatin, pepleomycin and adriamycin (PPA therapy) from 1983 to 1986.
Five patients had pure seminomas, one with elevated serum AFP value, and the others had non-seminomas. One was in stage I, five stage II A, two stage II B and the other two stage III B₁. Seven patients underwent chemotherapy alone and three patients received additional radiotherapy, retroperitoneal lymphnode dissection, or both.
Of the nine patients excapt stage I case seven achieved complete remission (CR) and the remaining 2 in stage III B₁ showed partial remission (PR). To date, all of the patients who entered CR remain free of disease. But one of the two patients who entered PR died of the disease and the other is alive with lung metastasis. The median follow-up was 17months (range 9 to 37months).
Side effects were not life threatening and reversible. All patients were tolerable to the therapy.

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We treated 236patients with an unilateral vesicoureteral reflux from March 1975 to June 1984. The morphological changes and renal functions of nonrefluxing kidneys as shown by voiding cystourethrograms were studied. The preoperative cystoscopic findings were also studied. The morphological changes were evaluated by preoperative IVPs. The renal function was evaluated by renal radioisotope examinations (¹³¹I-hippuran renogram and ^99mTc-DTPA dynamic study). Abnormal findings including renal scars and atrophy were found in 23% of the nonrefluxing kidneys. About half of the nonrefluxing kidneys had abnormal renograms. The 32% of the nonrefluxing ureteral orifices were abnormal. These findings suggested the existence of vesicoureteral reflux in nonrefluxing kidneys which had shown no reflux in voiding cystourethrograms. Since contralateral vesicoureteral reflux developed in two patients (22%) after unilateral antireflux operations, bilateral operations have been carried out even on patients with an unilateral reflux. The successful rate of antireflux operations was 98% in 233ureters (121patients). After antireflux operations, the low function kidneys without reflux improved in most cases.
According to these results, we thought that vesicoureteral reflux could not completely be detected by voiding cystourethrograms. Because of the high successful rate of antireflux operations, bilateral operations may be carried out even on patients with an unilateral reflux.

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Glycine and ascorbic acid are believed to be the major sources of urinary oxalic acid, while glycolic acid and glyoxylic acid are not considered to be principal precursors of oxalic acid. In order to determine which oral substances can induce hyperoxaluria and subsequent urolithiasis, Wistar-strain rats were divided into 6 groups and fed a basal diet or a diet with the addition of one of the above 5 substances at 3%. Rats fed the basal diet, the glycine diet, the ascorbic-acid diet, and the oxalic-acid diet did not develop any urolithiasis by the end of the fourth experimental week; however, rats fed the glycolic-acid and glyoxylic-acid diets developed marked urolithiasis. The calculi were identified by infrared-spectrophotometry as being calcium oxalate. The urinary oxalic-acid concentration and excretion were significantly higher in the oxalic-acid, glycolic-acid, and glyoxylic-acid groups than in the other groups. The urinary calcium concentration and excretion were significantly lower in the oxalic-acid, glycolic-acid, and glyoxylic-acid groups than in the other groups during the experiment.
In conclusion, the oral administration of a glycolic or glyoxylic acid at 3% can cause hyperoxaluria and create calcium-oxalate urolithiasis in rats. However, oxalic acid at 3% in the basal diet is not enough to develop urolithiasis; glycine and ascorbic acid administered orally to rats are unlikely to cause either hyperoxaluria or urolithiasis.

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To elucidate the role of Candida species as an etiological factor of sexually transmitted diseases in men, the isolation of Candida species by culture was performed in 465 gonococcal urethritis patients (average age 29.7 yerars) and 586 nongonococcal urethritis patients (average age 31.8 years) for the period from January 1983 to December 1985. In addition, the incidences of Candida species in 55 chronic prostatitis patients (average age 42.7 years), 20 balanoposthitis patients (average age 37.2 years), 10 phimosis patients without the evidence of inflammation (average age 35.6 years) and 21 male sex partners of women with vaginal candidiasis (average age 38.2 years) were investigated by culture for the period from July 1985 to December 1985.
The results obtained are as follows:
1. Candida species was isolated in the urethral smears of two gonococcal urethritis patients (0.43%). The urethral smears from five nongonococcal urethritis patients (0.85%) showed Candida species (Candida albicans 3, Candida glabrata 1 and Candida species 1). The clinical symptoms and signs of all of the Candida-positive patients almost disappeared after antimicrobial chemotherapy without the use of antifungal drugs.
2. C. albicans was detected in the samples of expressed prostatic fluid of two chronic prostatitis patients (3.6%) who had undergone antimicrobial chemotherapy.
3. In the smears of the corona of glans, Candida species (C. albicans 3 and Candida species 3) were found in six balanoposthitis patients (30.0%) and two phimosis patients (20.0%).
4. Candida species was isolated in the urethral smears of two men (9.5%) and in the smears of the corona of two men (9.5%) of those who had sex partners with candidiasis. However, three of these Candida-positive men had no symptoms of signs of the infection.
These results suggest that Candida species may be an opportunistic pathogen which can be transmitted sexually.

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From 1965 to 1983, 329 patients with primary bladder tumors were followed up in our clinics. The pathological stage showed good relation to the grade. There were only few cases of low-grade high-stage tumors. In particular, no transitional cell carcinoma G1 had muscle invasion in our series.
The survival rate of low-grade tumors were significantly higher than that of high-grade tumors, but altogether the survival rates decreased according to the stage regardless of the grade.
Although the 10years relative survival rate was calculated as 100per cent for superficial tumors, some died from cancer. The cancer death happened after 5years. It shows that a follow-up study for over 10years may be needed for patients with superficial tumors.
As for invasive tumor, the relative survival rates were 47.4per cent in 5years and 45.5per cent in 10years. Because of no death after 6years, the acturial survival rate in this group remained unchanged at 32per cent from 6 to 10years. It seems that the 5years survival rate shows well enough prognosis of invasive bladder cancers. There is no need to calculate the 10years rate for these cases.
No patients with advanced bladder cancers were alive over 4years.

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A retrospective study on 339 patients who visited our clinic complaining asymptomatic microhematuria from January, 1984 to December, 1985 was performed. The patients ranged in age 3 to 82years old with a mean of 48years old were consisted of 139men and 200women. For the diagnosis of microhematuria, we employed physical examination, blood chemistry, urinalysis and urologic investigations consisted of excretory urography, cystoscopy, renoscintiscan, computed tomography and, when indicated, retrograde pyelography and angiography. In 125 patients (37%), urological abnormalities were observed. Among them, urological leisons that the medical and surgical treatments were required were found in 48 patients (14%) including two malignant cases of renal cell carcinoma and bladder tumor. Since lesions requiring treatment were observed more frequently in patients over 40years old than those under 40years old, it is suggested that the urological investigation of microhematuria is more important in those older than 40years old.

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It is not infrequent that a kidney smaller than normal is visualized on the excretory urogram (IVP) in patients with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). The renal ratio (renal length/length between L1 to L4) was calculated on 731 children with VUR whom we treated in the past 12 years. We analysed the clinical features of 124 children who had one or two kidneys that were at least-2SD smaller than normal for age.
1) The prevalence of small kidney was 15.6% in primary VUR (97/623 children) and 25.0% in secondary VUR (27/108 children). The percentage of the patients with small kidney was about the same in each age group.
2) VUR was graded according to the international classification. About 80% of the kidneys associated with moderate (grade-IV) to severe (grade-V) reflux.
3) Types of pyelonephritic changes were graded and designated as pyelonephritis grade (PG): PG-O, no changes; PG-I, calyceal deformities; PG-II, not more than two scarred areas; PG-III, more generalized scarring, but some areas of normal tissues; PG-IV, generalized scarring; and PG-V; end-stage shrunken kidney. Pyelonephritic scarring (PG-II or more) was apparent in 80 to 90% of the kidneys.
4) According to the radiological features such as renal outline, parenchymal thickness, evidence of calyceal deformities and the number of calyces, the small kidneys were subdivided into three types: congenital hypoplasia, scarred atrophy, and the combination of the two. About half of the kidneys in primary VUR were diagnosed as scarred atrophy, and 40% as congenital hypoplasia.
5) The renal ratio of the contralateral kidney was calculated in 87 children with unilateral small kidney. Hypertrophy of the contralateral kidney, which is+2SD larger than normal for age, was apparent in about half of the children.
6) The renal growth was evaluated by the changes of the renal ratio in 79 small kidneys which were followed for more than lyear; the mean follow-up period was 3 years. Twenty kidneys, that had been in the normal range at the first examination, became small during the course. Accelerated growth was only exceptional.
To know the renal growth after the antireflux surgery, 53 kidneys which were followed for more than 1year after operation (mean follow-up period was 2 years and 9 month) were analysed. While about 3/4 remained small during the pre-and post-operative periods, 1/4 showed a retarded growth after the operation.
It is concluded that the origin of the small kidney associated with VUR is not restricted to post-pyelonephritic shrinkage. We discussed the possible role of congenital hypoplasia in cases with primary VUR. The renal growth was independent of the hypertrophy in the contralateral kidney, and most of the small kidneys showed gradual increase in renal length parallel to the expected growth curve. It is suggested that surgery is needed even in cases with small kidney to get rid of the influence of VUR.

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Eighteen patients with clinical stage I nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors were evaluated. All patients underwent retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Of them 6 patients were confirmed to have surgical stage IIA disease because of involvement of retroperitoneal lymphnodes. Although recurrence was observed in three patients, no tumors developed in the areas which had been cleaned by lymphadenectomy. 3-year survival rates were 92% and 100%, respectively, in surgical stage I and IIA (N. S.). Elevated tumor markers, serum AFP and urinary HCG before orchiectomy did not affect the risk for retroperitoneal metastases and survivals. In patients with clinical stage I disease, the presence of embryonal carcinoma in the primary tumors indicated an increased risk for retroperitoneal metastases (0.05<p<0.10).

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The clinical courses of 336papillary, superficial bladder cancer patients were analyzed with special reference to “recurrence” and “invasion”. Of the 269patients, excluding 67patients who underwent cystectomy as an initial treatment, 126patients (47%) did not show any recurrence and 143patients (53%) showed recurrence between 1 and 15years after the initial bladder preserving treatment. Only a risk factor identified for recurrence was multiplicity of initial tumors. Recurrence was most frequently observed within 1year after the initial treatment but it was still obsreved even more than 5years after the treatment in 17% of the patients. Most of the recurrent tumors remained at the state of Ta or T1 in spite of multiple recurrences but 19patients (7% of total patients, 13% of recurrent patients) finally developed deeply invasive bladder cancers. It was impossible to predict the invasiveness of the tumors from the analyses of clinical courses and histopathological features of the initial tumor. Present situation and future aspects of superficial bladder cancer were discussed in terms of recurrence and invasiveness.

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Determination of the prostatic weight by suprapubic-transvesical ultrasonography was performed in 18 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. In all cases, the surgical capsule and the adenoma of the prostate were well visualized.
The weight of the whole prostate and the adenoma were computed using the formula of the ellipsoid object. And these calculated weights were compared with the actual weight of surgically removed adenoma.
There was a good correlation (r=0.943) between the sonometrically estimated weight of the whole prostate and the actual weight of the adenoma. However, the sonometrically estimated weights were 29.2±12.2 (Mean±S.D.) g greater than the actual weights.
On the other hand, there was a highly significant correlation between the adenomal weight determined by ultrasound and the postoperative weight of the adenoma. An average error of 9.5% and a correlation coefficiency of 0.973 were obtained.

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The ¹³¹I meta-iodobenzylguanidine (¹³¹I-MIBG) was used for the scintigraphy of adrenal medulla and this was applied to examine 8 patients with pheochromocytoma and 7 patients with hypertension.
The ¹³¹I-MIBG is an analogue of guanethidine, metabolized and straged in the same way as adrenaline (or cathecholamine), and this indicates ¹³¹I-MIBG is a suitable radioactive nuclide for the imaging of the adrenal medulla.
Used methods were as follows; Rugol G was given orally for three days, 0.5mCi of ¹³¹I-MIBG was injected intravenously on the fourth day, then whole body and adrenal scintigraphy were taken at 24, 48 and 72hours after injection, respectively. Liverscintigraphy was also taken at 72hours after injection.
Six of 6 cases (100%) in which pheochromocytomas were confirmed by operation, showed high intake of ¹³¹I-MIBG in the adrenal gland, especially in one case, metastasis to the paraaortic lymphnodes was detected clearly.
Our study showed the usefulness of the subtraction scan which was obtained by using liver scintigraphy (taken at 72h. after injection of ¹³¹I-MIBG). Computer processed images obtained by changing gains at several levels were also useful to get better understandings.
No side effect was observed in this study. Control of the blood pressure is possible in this method by use of and/or blockers.
For the diagnosis and localization of pheochromocytoma, the ¹³¹I-MIBG adrenal scintigraphy will be a principal method in the future by its safety, specificity and non-invasivity.

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Isolation and primary culture of normal epithelial cells were established from rat ventral prostate.
Minced tissue was digested with 0.25% trypsin and 0.1% collagenase in Hank's balanced solution. Thereafter, epithelial cells were easily isolated from prostatic tissue. These cells were cultured into Eagle's MEM plus 10% fetal bovine serum at 32C 5% CO₂ in air phase. After 12hours the isolated cells had attached to the bottom and grown in shape and number with time. The fibroblast cells had diminished at this low temperature after a 5-7day culture. After 10-14days, cultured cells had coalesced to form a confluent monolayer, which were positive for the staining with acid phosphatase and prostatein.
Electron microscopic examination indicated that these cells showed a polymorphic type with secretory granules and a few microvilli on the elongated cytoplasmic processes, and joined by desmosome and tight junctions. The cells contained rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus near the nucleus and abundant mitochondria. In addition, intracellular blebs were observed near the surface, giving the cells an epithelial appearance and secretory function.
Cultures established by our methods are being used to further study the basic function and clinical diseases of the prostate.

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46patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder have been treated by BCG immunotherapy in order to induce tumor regression and reduce recurrence rate.
BCG was administered intravesically and orally either alone or in combination with α-Interferon. We studied the mechanism by which BCG inhibited tumor growth, immunologically and histologically.
1. In 17patients with existing tumors treated with BCG alone (group 1) and 15patients with existing tumors treated with BCG and α-Interferon (group 2), complete eradication of small superficial tumors, about 5mm in diameter, were verified by cystoscopic findings and histological examinations. Tumors, about 10mm in diameter, showed marked regression and disappeared in half of the patients. Large tumors were reduced in size, but did not show complete regression. 5patients in group 1 and 3patients in group 2 failed to respond to treatment. 2patients had tumor recurrence in these group. 9 of 14patients treated with BCG to prevent tumor recurrence (group 3) expererienced no tumor recurrence for 12-25months.
2. Histological findings showed degeneration and disconnection of superficial cancer cells and remarkable decrease of cancer cell layers. Marked infiltralion of inflammatory cells were found in lamina propria and muscularis. Normal wall of the bladder revealed wide erosion of mucosa along with inflammatory cell infiltration. Through the immunoperioxidase method, many T-cells were found among the tumor cells.
3. Any relationship to the immunological evaluation was not uncovered. However, NK activity was high in patients who responded to treatment.
4. These studies confirm that BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer can eliminate existing tumors and is effective in reducing the recurrence rate.

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As one of the project study on microexplosion for medicine and biology, the recovery process from the blast injuries in the rat bladder was investigated.
The results using 2mg lead azide microexplosives in air were as follows.
1) Comparing with the damaged bladder of the dog, the rat bladder was three times weaker than the canine bladder in strength.
2) By means of ³H-Thymidine autoradiography (³H-TdR ARG), cells were in a shock period for 12hours after microexplosion. Thereafter, G_{1, 0} cells of the mucosal epithelium began a reactive proliferation synchronously and got into the cell cycle. The labeling index (L. I.) showed a gradual increase after microexplosion, showing the first peak of L. I. after 30hours and the second after 54hours. With the completion of the regeneration of the epithelium, L. I. decreased and reached the normal range.
3) Carbonates and resins, which had invaded into the deeper layer of the bladder wall after microexplosion, were not excluded but capsulated in the granulation tissue. Rats without bladder lavage formed bladder stones.
4) Since a newly regenerated epithelium was recognized one week after microexplosion, in was considered that the bladder epithelium can regnerate itself because of richer G_{1, 0} cells in it than the epidermal tissue.

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