This study deals with the mechanism of stone formation in the urinary tract, with special reference to the measurement of ζ-potential. In this experiment, a suspension of calcium carbonate fine particles was prepared. To this suspension, 10^-2-10^-4% of sodium alginate, the matrix substance in the stones, bovine albumin and chondroitin sulfate C were added. The changes in ζ-potential of the suspension were determined microscopically by the method of Usui. As an coagulation experiment, the sedimentation rate of calcium carbonate particles was determined by adding the above mentioned substances. The rotatory energy of 6cpm was applied to the calcium carbonate suspension which had been added sodium alginate 10^-2% and CaCl₂ 10^-2M.
Results obtained are as follows:
It was demonstrated that the ζ-potential of the calcium carbonate particles decreased and became negative by addition of sodium alginate, the matrix substance, bovine albumin or chondroitin sulfate C. It was demonstrated by the sedimentation rate that marked coagulation of the suspended particles was produced by the substances mentioned above. When the rotatory energy was applied, stone like concretions were formed in the calcium carbonate suspension which sodium alginate and CaCl₂ had been added to.
Accordingly, it is considered that the matrix substance acts on the colloid particles in urine, and as a result, coagulation is produced by decrease of the ζ-potential and decrease of the repulsive force of the particles, and that an application of optimum kinetic energy to the coagulate results in the stone formation. It is also considered that the matrix substance is not incorporated by accident, but it does participate in the coagulation of the particles.

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The association of hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis, and intestinal disease was brought to light recently.
Urinary oxalate excretion values after the replacement of ureteral defects with ileal segments were determined. The eight patients were all female and the length of ileal segments used were from 20 to 35cm. No patient excreted an increased amount of oxalate compared to control women.
It was concluded that secondary hyperoxaluria did not seem to occur when ileal segments less than 35cm were used for urinary tract.

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For 51 cases with carcinoma of the prostate, the interrelationship between clinical effect by anti-androgenic treatment with castration and stilbestrols and change of serum lactic dehydrogenase and its isoenzyme V levels were studied and the following results were obtained.
1. Pretreatment serum lactic dehydrogenase level had significant correlation with five-year survival rate.
2. Response of serum lactic dehydrogenase and its isoenzyme V levels to antiandrogenic treatment has no significant meaning on five-year survival rates.
3. As an index of treatment in patients with prostatic carcinoma, serum lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme V was not specific more than serum lactic dehydrogenase.

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Feasibility of ultrasonic Doppler shift technique to study the dynamics of lower urinary tract is demonstrated. Model experiment was performed to examine an error, lag time and response time of urine velocity curves recorded by this technique with the use of frequencymeter. In addition, some clinical experience were reported. The results are as follows.
1) Measured values of urine velocity were 9 to 13% higher than mean velocity.
2) Both lag time and response time were generally the same as those by magnetic flow meter recording.
3) Values of urine velocity at the transducer location along male urethra during voiding were about 195cm/sec, 150cm/sec and 130cm/sec at the plans, pendulum and perineum respectively.
4) There was a significant correlation between exit velocity and velocity of intraurethral urine flow at the plans.
5) Elevation of intravesical pressure and initiation of voiding were simultaneously observed on a patient with stress incontinence.

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In our clinic, 311 patients were found to be infected with Ps. aerug. and the total number of strains detected from them were 493, during a five year period from Jan. 1971 to Dec. 1974.
An epidemiological survey of them is documented here, considering the problems of environmental contamination.
The procedures used for epidemiological tracing of Ps. aerug. were serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility (antibiogram).
The results were as follows:
1. Infections due to Ps. aerug. were seen in 14% of hospitalized patients and 0.7 of out-patients.
2. The main infected region with Ps. aerug. was the urinary tract which encompassed 90.3% of these 311 cases, and the others were infected postoperative wound, urethral smear, blood, pleural effusion, and ascites.
3. Incidence of Ps. aerug.. Incidence of the infection fluctuates antiphase with humidity, that is, the fewest incidence in April when humidity is lowest and the highest incidence in summer when temperature and humidity are high. In addition, Ps. aerug. infection had some inclination to occur more frequently in wards in the hospital which have changing nursing teams. These findings revealed an epidemic outbreak of Ps. aerug. infections in a limited area in the hospital.
4. 37.5 of the environmental samples taken from many areas in hospital, were positive in Ps. aerug. cultures. This suggested that the environment in hospital was widely contaminated with Ps. aerug..
5. Serological typing was done on 97 clinically isolated Ps. aerug.. Percent distribution of serotypes was as follows: Serotype 5 in 67.9%, serotype 8 in 15.4%, serotype 2 in 8.9%, serotype 10 in 3.8%, serotype 1, 7, 13 in 11.3% respectively, and multiple serotype in 19.6%.
6. Serotype 5 strains were the most common and had no inclination of incidence in place and time. However, patients infected with serotype 2 strains were localized in one certain ward. This finding possibly betrays an occurrence of epidemic infection in this one room.
7. The same serotype strains did not always have the same antibiograms. But it was often seen that the same serotype strains isolated from adjacent patients showed a similar antibiogram, and that showed an identical serotype strains from distant patients different antibiogram. From these data, most of Ps. aerug. infections in wards can be presumed to be nosocomical infections. But some of them were considered sporadic infections due to strains in alimentary tract patient-self.

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The first patient of pediatric renal allotransplantation in Japan was presented. The patient received a renal allograft at the age of 10 years from his older brother. Following transplantation, he was treated with azathioprine, prednisolone, and local irradiation. On the sixth postoperative day urinary extravation became evident and the ureteropelvic anastomosis was explored, with the vesicoureteral splint exiting through the bladder wall. Leakage continued. Twenty days after transplantation the recipient ureter was rejoined to the ureteropelvic juncture. Chronic urinary drainage continued. Pyeloileocy-stostomy was successfully performed 308 days after the transplantation. There were no acute rejection episodes. He led a normal, active life. He finished primary and junior high schools, and went on to senior high school. In the 5th year after the transplantation the serum creatinine began to rise. Deteriorating renal function did not respond to increased steroid doses. Five years and 10 months after the transplantation the patient developed generalized infections. Renal function deteriorated rapidly over the next two weeks. Hemodialysis was reinstituted and the kidney was removed. The patient died of generalized infections 2, 166 days after the transplantation.

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