Statistical observations, chemical proofs and skiagrams of 76 cases of calculi in the urinary bladdar and 28 cases of the calculi in the urethra were made and the following conclusions were drawn:
1) Vesical and urethral calculi occurred oftener in men than in women, while recurrent vesical calculi developed in both men and women almost in the same percentage. Recurrent vesical calculi developed from the calculi descended from the kidneys while the often developed in comp lication with the hypertrophy of the prostata. Descendent calculi had almost always developed from the calculi having such an irregular from as easily liable to be detained in the urethra and they occurred most frequently at the pans pendula while the pars prostatica standing next in order of frequency. In any other regions the descendent calculi wers rarely met with, while, if they were found in these regions after all, they were almost always complicated by urethrostenosis.
2) Lithotrypsy was preferably made with the forceps devised by Dr. Saburo Akutsu. If complicated by the hypertrophy of the prostata, small calculi were removed by means of Young's forceps while larger ones crushed into several pieces and removed one after another.
3) Most of the vesical calculi were composed of urates. The phosphate, uric acid and cystin stones stood next in order of frequency. Most of the vesical calculi, however, in the sizes of a sparrow's egg on smaller were composed of oxalates. All the cases of multiple vesical calculi were composed of urates. The recurrent vesical calculi were also composed of either uric acid or urates, but they had not necessarily the same chemical composition as the initial stones. Most cases of descendent urethral calculi were composed of oxalates.
4) The surface of the vesical stone which was in immediate contact with the surface of the mucous membrane of the urinary bladdar presented comparatively a smooth surface composed of more consistent nature, but toward the free lying surface, it appeared more and more zig-zag in form and coarse in nature. The nucleus of this kind of the stones lay rather excentrically near the lower sorface.
All the surfaces of the stones were not necessarily covered by homogenous chemical compounds but of the sedimentations of various chemical substances, which might answer for the formation of the irregular surface.
For the development of vacuoles and splits, the following three factors might answer: (1) Stagnation or desiccation of the organic substances contained the stone; (2) Partial dissolution or corrosion; and (3) Coarseness of the composition of the sedimentation.
A kidney-formed stone contained two nuclei and in other instances there were found multiple nuclei, which indicated that a number of small stones agglomerated into one mass.
Unless the nuclei were composed of heterogenous substances than the bodies of the stones, the determination of the nuclei were so far impossible.
5) In skiagraphy, the calculi composed of oxalates give the darkest shades, those of carbonates, sulphates and cystine stand next in order of the deepness of the shades, those of the urates and uric acid giving the lightest shades.
If the radiation should be given from different directions, the selfsame calculus presents shades having different shapes. In this case, the position of the nucleus, its shape and size, layers of the different chemical substances, the form of the radial construction, arrangements, tonus of the shades at various portions of the stone etc. are also variable. These facts are of matter of especial notice in the skiagraphy of the stones in vivo.
Generally considered, the stone gives the shade in Rhaentgenogram the shape and construction agreeing with the cut surface of the nucleus along the perpendicular surface to the radius of the irradiation.

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Many have been thn reports concerning the symptoms of the generalized syphilis in the rabbit, i. e. alopecia, rhagades about the Lares, changes of the claw, various skin erruptions, nose tumors, conjunctivitis, keratitis etc.
The author observed also the symptoms of generalized inflection as described in this paper to appear among the rabbits of experimental syphilis.
The Treponema pallidum was inoculated in the testicle or skrotum.
The symptois were:
1) Alopecia in two cases appeared from about 11 to 19 weeks after the inoculation. Both died from emaciation, when this symptom was still present.
2) Swelling in the region of the nose-glistle in one case appearing after about 14 weeks of the inoculation. The swelling was hard and pigeon-egg in size. The rabbit lived for 25 weeks mors, during which time the pallidum was always proved in the punctured fluid.
3) Erruptions of the skin in 13 cases. They took reddning, crustation, desquamation and healing by sicatrization with various incubation (for 8 to 20 weeks) and duration (for 8 to 16weeks). They varied in form. At the maximum, they were as large as bean of pigeon-egg; some were conical, with dark gray, oyster shell-like crusts on the top (Fig. 3), some were round with the flat crusts (Fig. 4), and the other had the appearance of chancle (Fig. 2 and 5)-agreeing with previous authors' reports on papulous syphilides or Papelulcerosa. The spirochater were present in all papules.
The number of erruptions was mostly 3 to 4, but varied from 1 to 10 in some cases. Favorite site of the erruptions was the face, head, limbs, anal lesion and precipuce, often taking symmetrical positions (Fig. 1).
Among 155 rabbits which produced typical primary lesions andlived for more than 8 weeks after inoculation, 13 cases of metastic erruptions were observed. But exact percentage can not be deduced from it, since many of them were employed for the therapeutic purpose precosiously.
The metastic papules were inoculated into the normal rabbits, but no increase of the percentage of appearing of the erruptions was obtained in this way.
Luetic serum reaktions:
There wes no difference in the intensity of Wassernann or precipitation reaction between those rabbits, which showed the general symptoms and those which had only the primary lesions.

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Die Anwendung von Röntgenstrahlen ist heutzutage in der Medizin therapeutisch und diagnostisch unentbehrlich geworden. Besonders wichtig ist auf dem Gebiete der Urologie. Bei der röntgenologischen Diagnose in der Urologie kommen besonders 2 Arten in Betracht.
1) Die eigentliche Röntgendiagnostik der versehiedenen Erkrakungen der Harnorgane. 2) Röntgenologische Nierenfunktionsprüfung.
Die erstere hat schon eine 36 jähriges Bestehen, währond die letztere erst seit 1929 nach der Erfindung der intravenosen Pyelographie Anwendung gefunden hat.
Die eigentliche Röntgendiagnostik lässt in ihrer Entwicklung 3 Stadien erkennen. Im ersten Stadium finden wir nur die einfache Röntgenaufnahme, im zweiten haben wir lokale Kontrastmittelanwendung. und zwar feste, flüssige und gasförmige und im dritten die intravenöse Kontrastmitelanwendung.
Bei der röntgenologischen Nierenfunktionsprüfung gibt es zwei Methoden. Nach der ersten wird die Aufnahme sofort nach der Schattendifferenz. des Nierenbeckens, d. h. Masse, Schärfe und Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens derselben verglichen. Nach der zweiten Methode findet Harnuntersuchung nach der intravenösen Kontrastmitteleinspritzung statt, und zwar besonders zeitweise Feststellung des spezifischen Gewichtes, Messung des Jodgehaltes im Harn usw.
Wir haben in der urologischen Abteilung der Universität Tokyo von Sept. 1927-Ende Febr. 1931, also 3 1/2 Jahre, folgendo röntgenologische Untersuchungen gemacht.
1) Pyelographie 773 Fälle (948 Aufnahmeh)
2) Cystographie 168 Fälle (232 Aufnahmeh)
3) Urethrogrephie 57 Fälle (73 Aufnahmeh)
4) Vesiculographie 10 Fälle (15 Aufnahmeh)
5) Pneumoradiographie des Nierenlagers, Peripneunonephrographie, Pneumoren 16 Fälle (20 Aufnahmeh)
6) Intravenöse Pyelographie 95 Fälle, darunter mit Uroselektan 36 Fälle, mit japanischem Präparat Sugii 13 Fälle, mit Abrodil 46 Fälle.
Zur Feststellung der Diagnose der Erkrankungen der Niere, des Nierenbeckens und des Ureters ist nach der eigentlichen klinischen urologischen Untersuchung die Pyelographie unentbehrlich. Die Steinkrankheiten der Niere werden am zweckmässigsten durch Pneumopyelographie diagnostiziert. Pneumoradiographie des Nierenlages mit Pyelographie kombiniert ist zur Diagnose der Hufeisenniere, cystenniere und sonstigen Lageanomalien der Niere am vorteilhaftesten.
Cystographie wird für die Diagnose der Erkrankungen der Harnblase selbst, der Prostata und Niere-und Uretererkrankungen angewendet. Zur Feststellung der angeborenen Missbildunge, wie Blasendivertikel, der bösartien Blasengeschwulste und der Schrumpfblase ist die 3-5% ige Kollargollösung als Kontrastmittel zweckmässig, während zur Diagmose der Blasensteine, Fremdkörper in der Blase, Prostetahyertrophie, Prostatakarzinom und-sarkom die Pneumocystographie durch Lufteinblasung geeignet ist.
Als Kontrastmittel für die Urethrographie braucht man gewöhnlich das reizlose Mittel Lypijodol oder Moljodol.
Bei der Vesiculographie bedienten wir uns meistens der Belfield Rolnickschen Methode, die der von Lowaley, Delzell vorzuziehen ist.
Die Indikationen der intravenösen Pyelographie sind folgende:
1) Bei Nieren-und Uretererkrankungen, bei denen die eigentliche Pyelographie von unten unausführbar ist.
2) Zur Feststellung der pathologischen Veränderung oberhalb von Ureterstein und Ureterstenose.
3) Bei Kranken, die grosse Abneigung gegen die eigentliche Pyelographie zeigen.
4) Bei Cystographie solcher Fälle, bei denen die Kontrastmittel durch die Urethra in die Blase nicht eingespritzt werden können.
Die röntgenologische Nierenfunktionsprüfung ist am leichtesten anwendber und bürgt auch für ein ziemlich sicheres Resultat. Die Geschwindigkeit der Schattenbildung des Nierenbeckens na

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