Industrial bladder cancer in human beings has been shown to be caused by exposure to some aromatic amines. It has been suggested by the results of animal experiments that o-aminophenolic compounds might be the carcinogens. However, the majority of bladder cancer is of non-industrial (spontaneous) origin. Therefore, carcinogenesis of spontaneous bladder cancer has been studied by many authors.
Chemical structures of the known carcinogens for industrial bladder cancer are similar to those of several aromatic amines of tryptophan metabolites. The similarity has directed many researchers' attention to the tryptophan metabolism in spontaneous bladder cancer patients.
In an attempt to relate tryptophan metabolites to spontaneous bladder cancer, urinary excretions of six tryptophan metabolites (3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, anthranilic acid, xanthurenic acid, kynurenic acid and kynurenine) were measured in 53 patients with urinary tract cancer as well as in 20 control subjects after a test dose of 5.0g l-tryptophan. After operation, the measurements were repeated in 35 of the 53 cases of tumor. The 53 patients with urinary tract cancer consisted of those with bladder cancer (45 cases), those with papillary cancer of the urinary tract (7 cases) and that with ureter lancer (1 case).
In 17 of the 53 tumor patients, urinary β-glucuronidase activity was measured simultaneously with tryptophan metabolites.
The results were as follow:
1) Urinary levels of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine were higher in the tumor patients than in the control subjects.
2) The higher urinary levels of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine were still maintained after operation.
3) Patients with multiple or recurring tumors had higher 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine urinary levels than patients with single tumor.
4) More anthranilic acid was excreted in the tumor patients more than in the control subjects, but The difference disappeared after operation
5) Urinary excretion level of xanthurenic acid increased after operation.
6) Urinary β-glucuronidase activity in the tumor patients decreased after operation, and was inhibited considerably by administration of β-glucuronidase inhibitor (SLA) for two weeks.
7) However, there was no relation between the β-glucuronidase activity and the urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites.

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The effects of Chromomycin A₃(CmA₃), Mitomycin C (M. M. C), and Nitromin on metastasis of AH 130 hepatoma implanted in the rat urinary bladder were studied by histologic examination.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) The rats which received on intraperitoneal administration of M. M. C 0.5mg/kg/day, were found to be free from metastasis, despite of tumor formation in the implanted site in the urinary bladder. The rats which received a combined administration of M. M. C 0.1mg/kg/day and Nitromin, 1mg/kg/day, into the abdominal cavity were also free from metastasis, except in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes.
2) By either single or combined intravenous administration of M. M. C, Nitromin, and CmA₃ hematogenous metastasis was prevented fairly well, but lymphogenous and continous metastases could not be satisfactorily prevented.
3) Intravenous administration of CmA₃ did not prevent metastasis to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes, lung, and spleen. The extensive metastasis in the spleen in the rats administrated with this drug was characteristic.
4) Generally speaking, each antitumor agent used in this study showed some preventive effects on the metastases except retroperitoneal lymph nodes. However, M. M. C showed a marked preventive effect on the metastasis in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes, when it was given intraperitoneally in a dosage of 0.5mg/kg/day.
From the above results it was considered that the antitumor agents had only a slight effect on the original, implanted tumor and on lymphogenous metastasis, and that these agents were more effective when they were combined with radical surgical operation.

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In the electrical stimulation of the bladder, the stimulating current is transmitted to the surrounding tissue especially to the urethral sphincter, and the increased resistance of the urethra reduced sufficient urination. In the present study, the number of electrodes was increased to 3 or 4. They were buried in respective positions of the bladder wall to stimulate the bladder. The intravesical pressure was then recorded to register the state of urination.
1. The conventional method in which 2 electrodes were buried near the bilateral urethral orifices caused a rapid elavation of intravesical pressure but the urination suddently stopped.
2. When one cathode and 2 anodes were buried in the posterior wall of the bladder, positive effect was obtained when these were placed in the longitudinal axis.
3. The condition for best electrical stimulation was 10V, for 3-msec, when 2 cathodes and 2 anodes or 1 cathode and 3 anodes were buried into the bladder wall. Stimulation over a period of 1-2 cosec was scarcely effective. Under such instance, intravesical pressure and curve for urination continued to rise mildly.

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The influence of apparently uncomplicated, acute, bacterial cystitis on the upper urinary tract was investigated by location-of-infection studies, which were accomplished by examination of the ureteric urine specimens collected through ureteric catheterization after preliminary irrigation of the bladder, as reported by Stamey et al. (1965).
Specimens of the ureteric urine were collected from 33 patients (32 females and one male) with acute bacterial cystitis. The samples of bladder urine revealed significant bacteriuria with bacterial counts of more than 10⁵per ml. Of the 33 cases, the species of the isolated organisms were Escherichia coli in 30 cases, Staphylococcus aureus in 2 cases and Streptococcus faecalis in one case.
The cultivation of the ureteric urine specimens revealed a positive culture in 8 (24.2%) of 33 cases. Bacterial counts in the ureteric urine were proved to be significantly higher than those in the bladder wash. The species of the organisms which were cultured in the ureteric urine were identical with those in the bladder urine (E. coli in 7 cases and Streptococcus faecalis in one case). Serum antibody titres against E. coli O were also determined by the bacterial agglutination technique. Clinical symptomes, signs and laboratory data in the group of positive ureteric urine culture were compared with those in the group of negative cultures. As a rule, pyrexia and leucocytosis were more marked in the former group, but there was no definitive finding which could be useful in differentiating these two groups. Serum antibody titres were generally high in the group of positive cultures. The osmolarity of the uterteric urine was proved to be low on the infected side, when compared with the uninvolved side.
These results indicated that patients with acute cystitis, though apparently uncomplicated, might have the upper urinary tract involvement, and that these patients should be carefully treated with antibiotics and/or chemotherapeutics.

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Further studies were done on the method for determination of testosterone level in adult male plasma utilizing competitive protein binding. The non-specific blank of the method was largely due to substances in organic solvent which could be almost eliminated by redistilling, as well as to substances in chromatographic paper which could be eliminated by washing with distilled methanol and deionized water.
Total blank value revealed 0.3mμg per ml of water.

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Metastatic sites of the malignant tumors of the urogenital tract were studied in 152 autopsy cases.
Visceral metastases were observed in 71.7% and lymphatic metastases in 73.6%. Neither metastasis nor local infiltration of tumors was detected in 18.4%.
Metastasis the to lung was of the highest incidence in malignant tumors of the kidney, bladder and testis. That to the liver and bone came next.
In case of prostatic cancer, bones were involved at the highest incidence and pulmonary involvement was also frequent.

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Renal angiography by Seldinger method was performed without complications on 3 cases of clinically suspected Wilms' tumor. Preoperative diagnosis of two cases of Wilms' tumor and one case of hydoronephrosis were verified by surgery.
Stretching of the branches of renal arteries with avascular area, and irregular tortuous vessels such as creeping vine and spaghetti pattern were the prominent angiographic findings. Pooling, A-V shunting and tumor stain were not recognized.
Some discussions and review of the literatures concerning angiographic features of Wilms' tumor were done.

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