The tumor line in nude mice is one of the most important experimental animal models on the oncodevelopmental study. We tried implantation of human testicular tumor into nude mice and could establish the AFP producing tumor line (JTG-1) and maintained it by the serial transplantation. The characteristics of this AFP producing tumor line (JTG-1) in nude mice from human testicular tumor are reported in this paper.
The nude mice, 4 to 8 weeks old male with BALB/c genetic back-ground were bred and maintained as specific pathogen free animals. The tumor blocks (5×5×3mm) from human testicular tumor were inoculated into mice's bilateral flanks. These animals were observed daily and the tumor size was measured once a week in two dimension (length and breadth). The serial AFP levels of the serum and the cystic fluids were determined every week for 8 weeks by the radioimmunoassay. The histological examination was performed in every tumor block of serial transplantation.
The tumor take was 100% and spontaneous regression could not be observed. The tumor growth was local and usually became cystic 3 weeks after inoculation. Thereafter the tumor growth was rapid and reached the maximum size of 8000mm² (mean±SD: 4680±2630mm²) 8 weeks after inoculation on the 18th transplantation. The serum AFP levels increased from 10300±4500ng/ml 3 weeks to 42000±14800ng/ml 7 weeks after inoculation on the 18th transplantation and from 865±215ng/ml 3 weeks to 16500±2300ng/ml 7 weeks after inoculation on the 28th transplantation. The AFP levels of cystic fluids also showed a rapid increase from 95800±28700ng/ml 5 weeks to 345000±187000ng/ml 8 weeks after inoculation on the 18th transplantation and from 83700±42100ng/ml 5 weeks to 368900±112000ng/ml 8 weeks after inoculation on the 28th transplantation.
Histologically, the original tumor (human testicular tumor) was an embryonal carcinoma with seminoma and an endodermal sinus tumor pattern could not be observed. On the other hand the tumor inoculated into nude (JTG-1) was the yolk sac tumor, in which an endodermal sinus tumor pattern was dominant. From these results, we thought that the characteristics of the original tumor (human testicular tumor) changed to those of the yolk sac tumor histologically and biochemically after the first transplantation. But the characteristics of the tumor inoculated into nude mide did not change histologically and biochemically in the serial transplantation.

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The causes of the accidental thymic involution are speculated upon the increased secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal glands, the mobilization of T-cells from the thymus and others.
To investigate the causes of the concomitant thymic involution in retrograde Proteus mirabilis pyelonephritis in the rat, plasma corticosterone was measured with rats which were sacrificed daily from 1 to 7 days after challenge of Proteus mirabilis. The correlation between the plasma corticosterone and the thymus weight and the spleen cell response to concanavalin A as an index of T-cell function was investigated.
In the rats with renal abscesses, a marked decrease of thymus weight and a remarkably increased adrenal weight were simultaneously observed, and there was a correlation between them. Histologically, an increase of adrenal weight was depended upon cortical hypertrophy. The plasma corticosterone, however, was not correlated to either adrenal weight, severity of the renal disease, thymus weight or spleen cell response to concanavalin A.
These observations suggested that the plasma corticosterone was not the main cause of the concomitant thymic involution in retrograde Proteus mirabilis pyelonephritis in the rat.

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Urinary oxalate excretion was measured by a modified radioenzyme method in 30 normal subjects, aged 41.4±14.6 years (SD) and in 25 calcium oxalate stone-formers, aged 49.1±19.8 years (SD). The 24-hour urinary oxalate excretion in the control group was 24.7±6.1mg (SD), and that of the stone-former group was 30.4±11.6mg (SD). There was a significant difference in 24-hour urinary oxalate excretion between the two groups.
The diurnal variation in urinary oxalate excretion and concentration was also measured in 7 controls, aged 44.0±15.0 years (SD) and in 10 stone-formers, aged 36.1±11.8 years (SD). There was a significant increase in urinary oxalate excretion during the day, and in the late evening and early morning a significant increase in urinary oxalate concentration, accompanied by a significant decrease in urinary volume. The increase in urinary oxalate concentration in the early morning was more significant in the stone-former group than in the control group. This data suggests that the early morning is the period when there is the greatest risk of stoneformation.

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The reports on calcium oxalate crystals in patients following infusion with high doses of xylitol led to the suggestion that xylitol administration was related to the increased oxalate production. To investigate the effect of xylitol on the oxalate formation, plasma and urinary oxalate was measured and compared in a stone-former group (n=12) and a control group (n=7). 5% xylitol was administered intravenously over 2 hours to the subjects who had fasted for 10 hours and the urinary oxalate was found to increase promptly within 1 hour after the start of the infusion. The increase measured 3 hours after the start of the xylitol infusion was 2.92±1.59mg (SD) in the stone-former group and 2.25±1.48mg (SD) in the control group, respectively. The urinary oxalate concentration was thus seen to decrease during the infusion and to increase afterwards.
However, plasma oxalate concentration before the xylitol load test was 2.64±0.43mg/l in the stone-former group and 2.29±0.92mg/l in the control group and that on completion of the infusion was 2.64±0.62mg/l in the stone-former group and 2.81±0.56mg/l in the control group, respectively.
It was therefore concluded that stone-formers could not be distinguished from controls using the xylitol load test.

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The present study was carried out to study the feasibility of the specific tumor positive imaging by the labeled anti-human AFP specific antibody (AAA) with the AFP producing tumor line JTG-1 and in two clinical cases. I-125-labeled AAA (0.68mg, 12μCi for a mouse) injected to five mice. The serial whole body imaging was performed with the pin hole collimator of the scintillation camera in each serial time of 1, 3, 5 and 8 days after administration. I-131-labeled AAA (0.2mg, 415μCi for a patient) was also injected to two patients. The serial whole body imaging was performed with the PHO/CON TM-Multi-Plane Imager System in each serial time of 1, 3 and 5 days after administration.
No preferential localization of labeled AAA in the tumor was observed 24 hours after administration. However, the radioactivity was recognized in the tumor tissue 3 days after administration and it was gradually accumulated. The satisfying tumor positive images could be obtained 5 and 8 days after administration.
The results of PHO/CON serial tomoscintiphotos in two clinical cases with metastases were unsatisfactory. The scintiphotos in 24 hours after administration demonstrated the kidney, the urinary bladder and the lung in the 2 cases but the thyroid gland in only one case. No accumulation was observed in any specific area except the thyroid gland 1, 3 and 5 days after administration. The preferential localization of the labeled AAA was not recognized in the metastatic lesion. We thought that the difference of the tumor imaging between nude mice and clinical cases depended upon the dose of the labeled AAA and the histological changes by the chemotherapy with cis-diaminodichloro platinum.

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The alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) producing tumor line (JTG-1) in nude mice was established from the human testicular tumor (embryonal carcinoma with seminoma) and maintained by serial transplantation. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of anti-human AFP specific antibody on the growth of the serial transplanted AFP producing tumor.
The tumor blocks (5×5×3mm) were inoculated into the bilateral subcutaneous space on the mice's flank. The nude mice were divided into 3 groups, 5 mice a group; Group A: anti-human AFP specific antibody (1.8mg) was injected twice a week for four weeks after inoculation of tumor blocks, Group B: normal horse serum (1.5mg) was injected by the same way as the group A, Control Croup: saline (0.5ml) was injected by the same way.
These animals were observed daily and the tumor size was measured twice a week in two dimensions. The serial AFP of serum and cystic fluid were determined every week upto 8 weeks after inoculation of the tumor blocks by the RIA method. The histological and immunohistochemical examinations were also performed in every group at 6 weeks after inoculation of the tumor blocks.
The tumor take was at a rate over 95% and spontaneous regression was not observed. The tumor growth was local and usually became cystic in 3 weeks after inoculation, thereafter the tumor growth was rapid in the control group. On the other hand the tumor growth of the group A was slow and the cystic formation was delayed in start.
The AFP levels of the serum and cystic fluid in the group A were lower than those of the group B and the control group every week after injection of anti-human AFP specific antibody.
By the immunohistochemical examination, a slight fluorescence on the AFP producing tumor cell was recognized at 24 and 72 hours after injection of anti-human AFP specific antibody. By the histological examination, the tumor necroses were observed more frequently in the group A than group B and control group.
In conculusion, the inhibitory effect of the anti-human AFP specific antibody on the tumor growth of JTG-1 was recognized.
The AFP levels of the serum and the cystic fluid were remarkably decreased and histologically, more tumor necroses were observed in group A than group B and control group by the injection of the anti-human AFP specific antibody.

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45 cases of unstable bladder excluding patients with an apparent outlet obstruction were clinically evaluated. Bladder instability was assessed by urodynamic examination. The presence of uninhibited detrusor contraction with urgency during filling on the supine position was considered unstable bladder type I. The uninhibited contraction provoked by cough or abdominal strain during isovolumetric study on the supine was type II, and the uninhibited contraction provoked by postural change from supine to either sitting-up or standing position was type III.
The majority of patients (42%) were found in the age group of less than 10 years. The most frequent complaint was urge incontinence followed by pollakisuria, bed wetting and so forth. Urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux were coexisted in 31% and 24% of cases, respectively. The cystometric examination disclosed unstable bladder type I in 31 (69%), type II in 2 (4%) and type III in 12 patients (27%). The bladder capacity studied by our method was not significantly different between type I and III.
It is probable that the decreased threshold of exteroceptive and proprioceptive receptors in detrusor muscle and the acquired or congenital dysfunction of cortical perception causes involuntary detrusor contraction. It has been well understood and should be stressed that an unstable bladder is a frequent unrecognized pathogenesis which is responsible for the various disorders in the lower urinary tract. When the ordinary cystometry fails to disclose uninhibited contraction in a patient who complains of bladder urgency and/or its related symptoms, the provocative procedure should be attempted. Otherwise approximately one third of unstable bladder could not be properly recognized.

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CO₂ gas cystometry was done in 137 patients with micturition disorders, 11 patients with lower urinary tract infection, 79 patients with bladder outlet obstruction and 47 patients complaining frequency, urgency and/or urge incontninence without UTI. The symptoms of these patients were studied with particular reference to the urodynamic state of the detrusor muscle in an attempt to define these symptoms which are associated with the presence or absence of the detrusor hyperreflexia. In patients with lower urinary tract infection, detrusor hyperreflexia was not observed. The incidence of detrusor hyperreflexia was 36.8 per cent in patients of bladder outlet obstruction and 32 per cent in patients complaining frequency, urgency and/or urge incontinence. A high correlation between detrusor hyperreflexia and the symptom of urge incontinence was observed. Detrusor hyperreflexia was present in 82.1 per cent of patients of bladder outlet obstruction who complained of urge incontinence and in 80 per cent of patients with primary urge incontinence.

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This paper presented pharmacological and physiological suppression of the detrusor hyperreflexia. We studied 27 patients with the detrusor hyperreflexia. Each patients underwent CO₂ gas cystometric evaluation (1) before and after the administration of anticholinergic drug (buscopan) and anti-smooth muscle relaxant (flavoxate), (2) before and after vesical mucosa anesthesia by the intravesical instillation of 4% xylocaine and spinal anesthesia (under Th-7) by 10mg tetocaine, and (3) before and during anal stimulation by functional electrical stimulation (20Hz, 0.5msec, 20-50V) and anal massage. The following results obtained:
(1) All 22 patients treated by intravenous injection of 25mg buscopan showed increased bladder capacity. Of these 22 patients 18 demonstrated total abolition of the detrusor hyperreflexia.
(2) The detrusor hyperreflexia was not suppressed by single oral administration of 600-1200mg flavoxate. However, when 5 patients were treated by oral administration of 600-1200mg flavoxate per day for 2-4 weeks, a cystomeetrogram revealed increased bladder capacity in all 5 patients and disappearance of the detrusor hyperreflexia in 2 patients.
(3) The detrusor hyperreflexia was not suppressed by vesical mucosa anesthesia, but was clearly inhibited by spinal anesthesia.
(4) Seven patients showed weak reponse to functional electrical stimulation of the anus: slightly increased bladder capacity and incomplete suppression of the detrusor hyperreflexia. Of 4 patients treated by anal massage, 2 showed increased bladder capacity and decreased detrusor hyperreflexia.

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We examined the effect of TURP, oral administration of flavoxate and prolonged bladder distension on the suppression of the detrusor hyperreflexia. CO₂ gas cystometry was performed (1) before and one-three months after TURP in 35 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy and (2) before and after oral administration of flavoxate 600-1200mg per day for two-six weeks in 14 patients of urge incontinence. The detrusor hyperreflexia disappeared in 69.2 per cent following TURP. The disappearance rate of detrusor hyperreflexia by treatment with flavoxate was 71.4 per cent in the urge incontinence group. The improvement of urge incontinence was accompanied by a decrease of the incidence of detrusor hyperreflexia in both group. In patients with persisting symptom of urge incontinence after TURP, postoperative cystometrogram showed the detrusor hyperreflexia. Of these patients two were treated by prolonged bladder distension. They had recieved drug therapy (buscopan and bladderon) without success before. They were considered to obtain symptornatic improvement. Detrusor hyperreflexia disappeared postoperatively in one of them.

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Four patients of spontaneous renal rupture are reported. The first patient was a 44-year-old woman, who noted sudden onset of right abdominal pain without any episode of trauma. An excretory urogram demonstrated extravasation of dye from the right renal pelvis. A right retrograde pyelogram showed no sign of postrenal obstruction. The patient was treated conservatively with indwelling ureteral catheter. The second patient, a 32-year-old woman, was seen because of acute onset of right flank pain in her 36th week of gestation. An excretory urogram demonstrated non-visualization of the left kidney and rupture of the right renal calyceal diverticulum. The postpartum aortogram showed no evidence of the left renal artery, confirming the impression of spontaneous rupture of a congenital solitary kidney. A retrograde pyelogram showed moderate dilation of the right upper ureter. A partial right nephrectomy was performed and her postoperative convalescence was good. The third patient was a 32-year-old woman, complaining severe right flank pain. An intravenous pyelogram showed poor visualization of the right kidney. Exploratory laparotomy revealed right retroperitoneal hematoma and right nephrectomy was performed. Grossly the surgical specimen showed a subcapsular renal hematoma, however microscopic examination revealed no significant pathological change in the renal parenchyma surrounding the subcapsular hematoma. The last patient was a 30-year-old man with gross hematuria and left abdominal pain, He fell into shock due to massive bleeding in the retroperitoneum. An excretory urogram showed bilateral renal tumors and angiogram demonstrated prominent vascular irregularity and tumor staining. Because of persisting retroperitoneal massive bleeding, bilateral nephrectomies were carried out. Pathologically the renal tumors were angiomyolipoma. Six months after the nephrectomy, renal allo-trasplantation was performed and the patient has been doing well after the transplantation.
Spontaneous renal rupture is classified into parenchymal and pyelocalyceal rupture, according to the site of pathogenesis. The latter includes “pyelosinus backflow type” which must be differentiated from genuine rupture of the renal pelvis or renal parenchyma to obviate unnecessary surgical exploration. The complex diagnostic problem of this rare clinical entity was discussed and reviewed.

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Seven hemodialysis patients were examined to detect urolithiasis associated with clinical observations, chemical analysis of stones, biochemical analysis of matrix protein, and histological study on the stone bearing kidneys.
All patients were males. The underlying renal disease was chronic glomerulonephritis in all patients.
Numerous small stones were found in the bilateral kidneys. In most cases the stones were radiolucent on plain X-ray films.
Although pyelonephritis was observed in three patients, none of them showed perpetual urinary infection.
Both infrared spectroscopic analysis of stones and analysis of proteins revealed that the stones from the five patients were matrix calculi and these from the two patients were Ca-oxalate stone.
The matrix calculi in hemodialysis patients, however, differed from ordinary matrix calculi related to urinary infection as indicated by their morphological appearance.
The composition of that matrix protein was homogeneous and uniform in three stones. The molecular weight of that unique protein was estimated to be 10, 000-to 20, 000 dalton.
The hitological studies on extirpated kidneys from all five patients examined revealed “intrancphronic calculi”.
It is suggested that urinary low molecular weight proteins which appear in chronic renal failure may promote the formation of renal stones consisted of matrix protein in hemodialysis patients.

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