Six human genitourinary tumor xenografts sustained by serial transplantation in nude mice were tested for sensitivity to anticancer agents in our laboratory. A renal cell carcinoma xenograft (NM-R-1) was treated intraperitoneally with some anticancer agents and the effects were evaluated according to tumor volume (growth curve of tumor, T/C ratio on day 43 after tumor implantation) and histology.
NM-R-1 was mainly composed of clear cells, and its histologic features were preserved even afrer serial transplantations. NM-R-1 used during this study was in its 7th to 10th passage through the nude mice. Successful transplantation rate was close to 100% by using these passages and the tumors maintained a constant growth rate.
Platinum compounds (cis platinum diaminodichloride (CDDP), platinum D-glucuronate diaminocylohexane trans-d-dach (d-GHP)) were injected on days 1, 5, and 9. CDDP, 5.0mg/kg/inj, 2.5mg/kg/inj and d-GHP, 50mg/kg/inj, 25mg/kg/inj were effective. T/C ratios of each treated group were 10.8%, 19.5%, 8.5% and 9.7%. Histologically, d-GHP was more effective than CDDP, but the drug toxicity (weight loss of treated mice) of both drugs were severe.
Ifosfamide (IFM) was injected daily for 5 days in one treated group and, in another group, it was injected daily for 5 days following once a week. In both groups, the most effective dose was 100mg/mg/inj. In the latter group, the T/C ratio was only 2.2%, and weight loss of the mice was not severe. The degree of histologic change was parallel to the dosage employed.
Vinblastin was injected once a week for 5 weeks, but it was less effective than IFM or the platinumm compound for NM-R-1.
NM-R-1 was also treated with CDDP combined with IFM. When combined, the dosages of CDDP were 5.0, 2.5, and 1.25mg/kg/inj, and the dosages of IFM were 100, 50, and 25mg/kg/inj. Injection intervals of each drug were the same as in single agent treatment. Growth inhibitory effects were seen in all treated groups. This was especially true with CDDP treatments of 5.0mg/kg/inj and IFM, 50mg/kg/inj, the tumor size reduced markedly and 3 of 5 tumors disappeared macroscopically. These results indicate some sort of synergism between CDDP and IFM. Mean body weight of treated mice decreased about 30% compared to that of the controls.
Tissue concentrations of IFM and its metabolites were investigated in nude mice after an injection dose of 100mg/kg intraperitoneally. IFM concentration in the tumor was lower than the blood level when injected on Day 70. It did not change when injected on Day 35. IFM was at its highest concentration in the kidney, and that level was higher than blood level in the liver and the lung.

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We have analyzed the cases of urolithiasis at the Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Chiba University since 1965 through 1980 in order to obtain a clue for the future policy of the treatment of urolithiasis as well as to prevent recurrence of it.
1) Out of 42633 new patients, urolithiasis counted 5.3%, and recurrent calculus diseases were seen in 12.6% of them.
2) The ratio of male patients to female patients was 2.1 to 1. In upper urinary tract calculus patients, thirties were most frequent and twenties together with fourties followed them. The age of the patients with recurrent calculi were 10 years older than that of primary calculi. As for lower urinary tract calculi, about half the patients were older than 60 years old.
3) Analysis of the component of the calculus revealed that the percentage of calcium oxalate mixed with calcium phosphate was 47%, and that of calcium oxalate was 25%. Calculi containing phosphate were seen in 47% of female patients.
4) In patients with small calculi less than 9×6mm, 90% of them became stone free within 4 months.

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During the period of 16 years from January the first, 1965 to December 31st, 1980, in the Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, two hundreds and eighty-six patients were found to be recurrent stone formers. of the 286 cases, the clinical course of 158 cases were observed in detail.
It was found that the period from the first occurrence of lithiasis to the recurrence was within one year 15.2%, within 2 years 31.7%, and within 5 years 68.4%. The average period to the recurrence was 5 years and 7 months.
No difference was observed between the rates of ipsilateral and contralateral recurrence.
The components of calculi were most frequently calcium oxalate+calcium phosphate (38%), followed by calcium oxalate(20%).
As the causative factors of recurrent lithiasis, hypercalciuria 44.7%, hyperuricosuria 41.7%, hypophosphatemia 27.2%, bacteriuria 21.5%, hyperuricemia 14.6%, primary hyperparathyroidism 3.2% etc were observed.
Urinary calcium excretion of recurrent lithiasis presenting hyperuricosuria was significantly increased as compared to that of non-recurrent lithiasis, and to that of healthy control. (p<0.01)
Urinary calcinm excretion of recurrent lithiasis showing hypophosphatemia was also significantly increased than that of non-recurrent lithiasis and healthy control (p<0.05).
In some cases of recurrent stones excessive excretions of several salts were observed, thus showing complicated metabolic disorder.
The effect of Mg and allopurinol in prevention of stone recurrence was examined. Although Mg regimen for hypercalciuria reduced the stone recurrence, it was not significant statistically. A statistically significant reduction of the recurrence rate has been observed by allopurinol administration for hyperuricosuria and by combined therapy with allopurinol and Mg for the cases which had both hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria.

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Local injection of 6-Hydroxydopamine was done around the bladder neck and proximal urethra in a total of 25 cases of neurogenic bladder dysfunction, who responded well to oral administration of alpha adrenergic blocking agents by disappearance of residual urine in 19 patients and decrease of maximum urethral pressure in 6 patients. Fourteen patients were rated as excellent because of persistent improvement over 4 months and 7 were rated as good for the improvement lasting no longer than S months. Four cases were rated as poor because of no improvement.
The average duration of illness from the onset of neurological disease to the injection of 6-Hydroxydopamine was 10 years in excellent group and 4 years in good group. It was also revealed that the cystometric bladder capacity was smaller in the excellent group than in the good group. Among 4 cases in which the clinical results were rated as poor, 3 had a marked detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, the other poor case showed high compliance bladder with a mild detrusor sphincter dyssynergia
From the above results it may be concluded that the local injection of 6-Hydroxydopamine around bladder base, and proximal urethra is an excellent form of treatment in some type of neurogenic bladder dysfunction.

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Evaluation of semen quality as performed on specimens obtained from 126 young and healthy students, in our medical university for 2 years, from November, 1976 to November, 1978. Seminal volume was 3.0±0.9ml (mean+sd). Sperm density, total sperm count, rate of motile spermatozoa, total count of motile spermatozoa, rate of active spermatozoa by eosine-test and rate of abnormal spermatozoa in 125 subjects, except one with azoospermia, were 106±50 million/ml, 313±165 million/semen, 62±12%, 192±111 million/semen, 80±8% and 11±2%, respectively.
The values of sperm density and total sperm count in the group with the past history of mumps before puberty were the same as those in the group without mumps.
Seasonal variation of sperm density and total sperm count was observed on 9 cases of medical students, from whon we could take their semen constantly for one year, from December, 1977 to November, 1978. Both factors were highest in autumn, (September and October) and lowest in summer, (June and July). The seasonal variation of seminal volume, rate of motility and rate of abnormal spermatozoa was not observed significantly.
Sperm density and total sperm count in young medical students were higher than the results of fertile group which had been reported previously by some authors. Furthermore, it is strongly suggested that there is a seasonable variation of sperm density and total sperm count in humans as in some kinds of animals.

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Few anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs effective in renal cell carcinoma are available to date. The present study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of combination MFC therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma.
A mixture of 4mg of MMC, 200mg of 5-FU and 40mg of cytosin arabinoside was injected intravenously twice a week for the first two weeks and thereafter once a week. The therapy was used in 23 case of renal cell carcinoma with distant metastasis and more than 8 doses of MFC were given in 20 cases of them.
In no instances the therapy produced such a marked effect as complete response of metastatic lesions. However, in 4 (20%) of these 20 cases this combination regimen proved to be effective or fairly effective (minor response), producing a considerable reduction in metastatic lesions of cervical and hilar lymph node, complete relief of pain due to bone metastasis (with restoration of ability to walk), remission of metastatic lesions of abdominal lymph nodes, and a subsidence of ascites, each in one case. The results indicate that this combination therapy is worthy of trying in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma not as the first choice but the second or third.

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The present study (the second report) was undertaken to assess the efficacy of single agent therapy with CCNU in advanced renal cell carcinoma.
1) Fourteen patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (stage IV) received CCNU. In no patiens the therapy was effective enough to cause complete or partial regression of metastasis. Despite a few reports in American literature that CCNU is effective, it is concluded that this agent is not suitable as the first choice of therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
2) Moderate or severe thrombocytopenia occurred frequently. A dose of 100mg/m² is recommended in Japan instead of 130mg/m² which is given in America. Bone marrow suppression is one of the major dose limiting factors, and dosage interval of every 6 weeks is also inconvenient.
3) Combination therapy with CCNU was reported moderately effective in American literature. CCNU as one of the combination therapy agents, merits further clinical use in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma.

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Effects of calcium chelating agents (Na₃-citrate, 4Na-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, adenosin triphosphate; final concentration 1mM), acid mucopolysaccharides (chondroitin sulfate A, B, C heparan sulfate; final concentration 1×10^-3%), pyrophosphoric acid (1mM), MgCl₂ (1mM) and normal urine (1%) on the growth of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals were studied in crystallisation medium. In order to avoid the transformation of calcium oxalate dihydrate to a monohydrate, experiments were performed at 6°C, in a 24hr incubation. The size and the number of crystals were analized by a Particle Size Distribution Analizer. The apparent inhibitory effect on the growth of crystals was observed in chondroitin sulfate B, heparan sulfate and normal urine. Calcium chelating agents also showed an inhibitory effect. However, pyrophosphoric acid had a promotive effect.

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Fifty-nine patients with initially superficial and 40 patients with initially invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were investigated for the presence of the ABO(H) cell surface antigen. The specimens from the TUR were examined with specific red cell adherence technique. When correlated with clinical stage, 71 per cent of the superficial lesions were positive for the cell surface antigen, while only 48 per cent of the invasive tumors were positive. Of the low grade lesions studied about 80 per cent were positive for the antigen and 44 per cent of the grade 3 tumors retained the antigens in the superficial tumors. Of 59 patients with superficial tumors 15 (25 per cent) suffered from recurrent disease and 4 of them from subsequent developement of invasive disease. But the evidence was not found that loss of antigen of the initial tumors was correlated with a recurrence of the tumor. On the other hand, many of the recurrent tumors, initially positive or weakly positive for the antigen, tend to lose their original SRCA characteristics throughout their clinical evolution.
The findings of this study show that the absence of the antigen especially for the initial high grade superficial tumors and the loss of the antigen at the recurrence may help improve the therapy of bladder cancer.

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Forty-five kidneys in 43 patients of ureteropelvic junction obstruction operated at Kinki University Hospital during the past 7 years (1975-1981) were reviewed. Primary nephrectomy and pyeloplasty were performed on 8 and 37 kidneys, respectively. Among them, 33 kidneys were operated by the Anderson-Hynes procedure. Radiographic improvement was seen in 29 (88%) out of the 33 kidneys. Disappearance of symptoms was seen in 94% of the patients. Nephrostomy was made on 23 kidneys, and not on the remaining 10 kidneys. Then, no significant difference was seen between the results of operations with and without nephrostomy.
Hydronephrosis was classified into two groups, namely, pyelectatic and caliectatic types, and the respective outcomes of pyeloplasty were reviewed. Improvement of caliectasia was seen in 14 out of 20 cases of the pyelectatic type, while it was seen in only 6 out of 13 cases of the caliectatic type. It appears to be difficult to expect morphological improvement in cases with predominant caliectasia.
Additionally we discussed 1) preoperative estimation of split renal function, 2) choice of operative procedures, and 3) propriety of nephrostomy in pyeloplasty.

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A highly sensitive and simplified procedure for separation and identification of selected catecholamines utiliaing high-performance and reversed-phase liquid chromatography is described. Levels of adrenal norepinephrine in spontanenouly hypertensive rats at 13 weeks of age were significantly (p<0.001) higher than those in age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats. Similar tendency was also noted for adrenal epinephrine to a lesser extent (p<0.01). The content of adrenal dopamine was, however, similar in both rat strains.

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