Effect of androgen and bilateral orchiectomy on adult albino rat's seminal vesicle was observed by light and electron microscopic examination including the histochemical study of alkaline phosphatase. Testosterone propionate 25mg/day was given subcutaneously for 14 consecutive days to 3 rats weighing 150 to 200gm. Following the last injection, rats were sacrificed. Bilateral orchiectomy had been performed in 3 rats under Nembutal anesthesia 14 days before sacrificing. As controls, 3 rats receiving 1ml of physiological saline subcutaneously for 14 days successively and 2 rats without any injections were sacrificed 14 days after the initiation of this experiment.
The following result was obtained.
1) Epithelia of rat's seminal vesicle consisted of two kinds of cells—a columnar cell facing the lumen of seminal vesicle and a flat cell lying on the basement membrane but not appearing at the luminal surface. A columnar cell contained abundant secretory granules, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticuli and mitochondria, revealing active function of seminal vesicle. A flat cell showed a large nucleus with scarce cytoplasm, which resembled a mesenchymal cell and seemed to support the luminal form of seminal vesicle.
2) It was a columnar cell that was effected by androgen administration or bilateral orchiectomy. A flat cell did not show any marked change by androgen administration or castration. By androgen administration, a columnar cell became taller with further development of organellae suggesting activated function of seminal vesicle. This columnar cell showed atrophy with diminished number of organellae by bilateral orchiectomy, which suggested an inactivation of the cell.
3) Localization of alkaline phosphatase activity was observed along the basement membrane of epithelia by light and electron microscopy. Staining intensity revealing activity of this enzyme semiquantitatively was increased by androgen and decreased by bilateral orchiectomy.
Judging from these findings, the authors assume that seminal vesicle, which is an androgen-dependent organ, is not only a reservoir of semen but also play an active role in the secretion or/and absorption.

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Acid phosphatase (ACP) isoenzymes in extracts of kidney, liver, pancreas, spleen, prostate, erythrocytes, and seminal plasma were separated by disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and ion-exchange column chromatography in order to detect more sensitive and specific ACP in tissues of prostatic cancer.
1) PAGE revealed a high activity of ACP isoenzyme 2 (ACP-2) in the extract of prostatic adenoma, seminal plasma, and serum from patient with bony metastatic carcinoma of prostate, but no other extracts exhibited the band of ACP-2. The isoenzyme in extract of prostatic carcinoma showed a slower electromobility than ACP-2.
2) Column fractionation of extract of prostatic adenoma and seminal plasma revealed a unique activity pattern in Fr II which appeared in the 200mmol/liter NaCl effluents and indicated 55.8% and 86.8% of the ACP activity. However, the isoenzymes in extracts of erythrocytes and pancreas were completely separated in the 100mmol/liter NaCl effluents (Fr I), and the isoenzyme in extract of prostatic carcinoma exhibited the highest activity of all extracts in 300mmol/liter NaCl effluents (Fr III)
3) Electrophoretic ACP isoenzymes 3, 4, and 5 corresponded to Fr I, ACP isoenzyme 2 to Fr II, ACP isoenzyme 1 to Fr III.
Determination of the Fr II isoenzyme of ACP appears to be more specific to prostatic cancer.

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Acid phosphatase (ACP) and its isoenzymes (Fr I, Fr II, Fr III) separated by ion-exchange column chromatography, were assayed in blood and bone marrow sera of 20 patients with prostatic cancer (PC), 3 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and 6 normal males.
1) ACP activities of sera from normal males were total ACP (TAP), 0.59±0.16 Sigma unit/ml and L-tartrate labile ACP (PAP), 0.16±0.06 Sigma unit/ml. There was no significant difference of serum ACP activity among BPH, stage B and C of PC, and normal males.
Serum ACP isoenzymes in normal males were Fr I 72.4±6.5%, Fr II 14.7±7.7%, and Fr III 12.4±6.4%. The ACP isoenzyme pattern in serum of BPH was almost the same as that of normal serum. The ACP isoenzyme Fr II in serum of PC was more increased in higher stage: 20.8±3.6% in stage B, 35.5±21.0% in stage C, and 43.3±20.2% in stage D. The relationship between hormone therapy and ACP activity was discussed.
2) Bone marrow ACP (BM-ACP) activities were: TAP 1.07±0.28 Sigma unit/ml, PAP 0.17± 0.08 Sigma unit/ml in normal males, TAP 1.11±0.39 Sigma unit/ml, PAP 0.11 ± 0.06 Sigma unit/ml in BPH, TAP 16.79 ±40.30 Sigma unit/ml, and PAP 10.59± 27.89 Sigma unit/ml in PC. BM-ACP showed a higher activity than serum ACP in all cases.
BM-ACP isoenzymes in normal males were Fr I 80.2±7.0%, Fr II 12. 9±8.0%, and Fr III 8.1±6.1%. The difference between serum and bone marrow ACP isoenzyme patterns of BPH and PC was not significant.
3) The correlation between serum and bone marrow ACP activity (TAP, PAP, isoenzyme Fr II) and bone metastasis was discussed.

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In order to evaluate the blood perfusion in the transplanted kidneys, ^99mTc-DTPA dynamic studies were performed 53 times in 25 cases of various stages (normal function 31, acute rejection 11, chronic rejection 8, ATN 2 and ureteral obstruction 1).
For the dynamic studies, 10mCi of ^99mTc-DTPA was injected intravenously as a rapid bolus and sequential images of the kidney were recorded every one second for 80 seconds using a gamma scintillation camera and on-line minicomputer system. RI dynamic curves and the first order differential curves were obtained from the region of interest in the kidney, displaying on CRT.
Seven parameters were calculated from the Tc-DTPA dynamic studies. (A) Mean transit time (MTT): the time interval between the positive and negative peaks in the first order differential curve (Oldendorf's method). (B) Appearance time: the time interval from injection to the positive peak of differential curve. (C) Tmax: the time from injection to the maximum. (D) T_1/2max: the time to half maximum. (E) Slope: the time interval between 10% to 90% of the maximum counts in the initial slope. (F) Uptake ratio: ratio of the RI counts in the region of the kidney over the counts in the whole field during the MTT. (G) Kidney/Background ratio.
The results of this study were as follows. Significant prolongation of MTT and marked decrease of Uptake ratio were recognized during acute rejections (p<0.001). Tmax, Slope and K/B ratio were also significantly changed (p<0.05, p<0.005, p<0.01).
In the chronic rejection group, all of the seven parameters revealed significantly different from those of the normal grafts.
As to the correlations between the kidney function (creatinine clearance) and the parameters, MTT and Uptake ratio were highly correlated to Ccr (r=-0.736 and r=0.625, respectively).
In conclusion, MTT and Uptake ratio were the most valuable parameters in detecting the rejection episodes and evaluating the kidney function.

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We presented six cases with extensive renal calculi treated by ex vivo renal surgery and renal auto-transplantation. These cases in which complete stone extraction was thought to be impossible by in situ surgery were evaluated. Out of six cases, five patients had good results but one patient died of septicemia on the 30th post operative day. In all cases, stones were extracted completely, and urinary tract infection which was present before surgical treatment was eradicated except in one case who died of septicemia. Periodical post operative renal function tests from 5 months up to 15 months showed no exacerbation or even improvement in some cases. Furthermore, the indication of ex vivo surgery for renal calculi was discussed and our point of view for such extensive renal calculi was also indicated.

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In an effort to determine the value of measurement of serum markers with germinal cell testicular tumor serum β-subunit human chorionic gonadotropin, alphafetoprotein and carcinoembryonic anti gen were measured with 18 cases of testicular tumor (7 of these cases were seminoma and 11 of these remaining cases were non seminomatous tumor) before and after operation.
1) Serum levels of human chorionic gonadotropin were found elevated in as low as value 28.6% in seminoma patients, while higher levels of value 50% in non seminomatous germinal cell tumor patients.
2) Serum levels of alphafetoprotein were not found elevated value in seminoma patients, but only 2 cases were found value border line elevation. On the oter hand, it was found 70% value elevation in non seminomatous germinal cell tumor patients, if one case of adult teratoma patients was excluded.
3) Serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen were measured with 14 cases in only one of whom the measurement of it turned out to be valuable as a serum marker with testicular tumor.
4) Elevation rate of serum levels of human chorionic gonadotropin and alphafetoprotein with the non seminomatous tumor patients were both correlated with clinical course, they were found highly elevated in the cases of advanced carcinoma.
5) In non-seminomatous tumor patients serum levels of human chorionic gonadotropin and alphafetoprotein were elevated 80% of value either or both, which was higher than value that were shown measured separately by each of those markers. This fact indicates that measurement of serum levels of these markers were valuable for the diagnosis, treatment and early detection of recurrences.
6) If a patient with the established diagnosis of seminoma turns out to be elevated levels of serum alphafetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin, then it is important to check the patient as to whether his tumor might contain some elements of non-seminomatous tumor or not. Especially when serum levels of alphafetoprotein were elevated, he should be treated as a case of non-seminomatous tumor patient.
It may thus be concluded that serum human chorionic gonadotropin and alphafetoprotein are valuable as serum markers for testicular tumor.

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KK-47 cell line, which was established from a human bladder carcinoma in our department in 1977, was used for studies of cell killing effect of heating and/or irradiation. The effect in in vitro cultivated KK-47 cells, in Ham's F-12 medium supplemented with 20per cent calf serum at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5 per cent CO₂, was determined by a colony-forming method. The doubling time of the cells was 23.5 hours. Using irradiations of 200, 400, 600, and 800 rads, the radiosensitivities quoted by D₀, Dq, and n. values were 145 rads, 145 rads, and 2.2, respectively. The per cent survivals of the cells exposed for 30 minutes at 40, 41, 42, and 43°C were 96.6, 93.3, 91.4, and 71.2per cent, respectively, and those for 2 hours at 40, 41, 42, and 43°C were 80.6, 75.5, 46.0, and 1.4per cent, respectively. Exceedingly enhanced cell killing effect was observed at the combinations of 43°C hyperthermia and the irradiations; heating prior to, posterior to, and through irradiation. There was no significant difference between the killing effects observed at the combinations of heating prior to or posterior to irradiation. The survival of cells which had received 43°C hyperthermia 4 hours after the irradiations was slightly higher than those 1, and 2 hours after the irradiations.
References concerning hyperthermia and irradiation are reviewed, and based on the results obtained, a possible clinical usefulness and application of the combination therapy is discussed.

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One of the various problems in diagnosis and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is that the size of an adenomaa can notbe esti mated accurately in advance of surgery. Another problem is the difficulty in the diagnosis of BPH of an initial stage and therefore in predicting the surgical outcome in such a case. Transrectal ultrasonography developed by Watanabe was introduced in our clinic to solve these problems. Based on the findings of ultrasonographical morphology in 19 normal subjects and in 105 BPH patients who had TUR-P, the following conclusions are drawn:
1) The size of prostatic adenoma can be calculated by substracting the normal prostatic weight from the ultrasonographycally computed total weight, with considerable accuracy.
2) Ultrasonography enables us to diagnose BPH of an initial stage more easily and precisely than other conventional methods.

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Serum ferritin was determined in patients with urologic cancer and the relation with other clinical indicator serum CEA and iron was studied. The stability of 2-site immunoradiometric assay for serum ferritin was also studied by recovery test, dilution test and reproducibility.
The recovery ratio was excellent, 93% on the average. Commercial control serum NMS-IIa of 306ng/ml and a stock serum (serum from renal cell carcinoma) of 1808ng/ml were diluted. The NMS-IIa showed an excellent dilution pattern. However, in the stock serum, the dilution curve revealed so-called “high dose hook effect”. The reproducibility was excellent, CV% in test serum and in NMS-II were 9% and 3% respectively.
Determination of serum ferritin was performed in 113 patients with various kinds of urologic diseases and 20 cases of normal control. The average of serum ferritin level from male control was 114±43ng/ml (n=10) and from female control was 57±39ng/ml (n=10). By this method, the normal range was considered to be below 200ng/ml in man.
Mean values of serum ferritin were 399±662ng/ml (n=35) in renal cell carcinomas, 166±217ng/(n=13) in bladder tumors, 242±313ng/ml (n=33) in prostatic carcinomas and 706±771ng/ml (n=5) in testicular tumors. The incidence of positive cases of serum ferritin was 54% in renal cell carcinomas, 24% in prostatic carcinomas and 60% in testicular tumors.
In renal cell carcinomas, a fair correlation was shown between the serum ferritin values and the clinical stage. By the surgery for renal cell carcinoma, the serum ferritin levels were decreased in stage 1-2, and they were not changed in high stage. However, serum ferritin values were not correlated with serum iron levels.
Values of ferritin and CEA in sera were poorly correlated (r=0.34).
In conclusion, the serum ferritin levels were valuable as an effective diagnostic indicator of urologic cancer, especially in renal cell carcinomas and testicular choriocarcinomas.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if temporary occlusion of the renal vessels, which is a common surgical procedure in urologic practice, produces any ill-effect on intra-renal hemodynamics.
Twenty-one mongrel dogs weighing 13 to 30kg were used in this study. After intravenous thiamylal-Na administration, one of the kidneys was exposed extraperitoneally by a median incision in the abdomen, while the renal vessels of another kidney were ligated or nephrectomized. Enameled copper wire electrodes of 300 microns in diameter were inserted into the renal cortical and medullary tissues to the depths of 5 and 15mm from the cortical surface. The tissue PO₂ was continuously measured by the Yagi's method. The changes in polarographic amplitudes following clamping of the renal vessels were expressed as percent of the pre-clamping level. The change in the cortical and medullary PO₂ to 100% oxygen inhalation was also recorded. After completion of experiment, the kidneys were removed for histologic examination.
The animals were divided in to two groups according to the duration of clamping of the renal vessels: group I, 10min and group II, 60min.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) Three minutes after onset of vascular clamping of the renal vessels, the mean (±1 S. D.) tissue PO₂in group I was 41.5±17.1 in the cortex and 41.7±17.7 in the medulla, while that in group II PO₂ was 51.0±24.8 in the cortex and 46.8±23.6 in the medulla. Ten minutes during clamping, the cortical and medullary PO₂ in group I were 30.4±17.2 and 30.0±19.8, respectively. In group II, 60min after clamping, the cortical and medullary P02 were 42.1±22.8 and 37.3±23.2, respectively.
2) In group I, 5min after the clamp was removed, the tissue PO₂ rose to 78.1±11.3 in the cortex and 86.6±25.3 in the medulla. In group II, the PO₂ rose to 95.1±25.5 in the cortex and 99.3±25.3 in the medulla. Thereafter, the restoration of tissue PO₂ to the pre-clamping level was faster in the cortex than in the medulla, while the medullary PO₂ decreased initially and then returned to the pre-clamping level.
3) The time required for tissue PO₂ to restore its pre-clamping level after the clamp was removed was 75min in the cortex and 55 min in the medulla in group I, while it was 25min in the cortex and 65min in the medulla in group II. Thus, the intra-renal PO₂ in both groups substantially returned to their respective preclamping levels.
4) The response time of tissue PO₂ to 100% oxgen inhalation did not change significantly in the cortex before and after clamping, while it increased significantly in the medulla (p<0.05) after the clamp was removed. The response time before clamping was slightly shorter in the cortex than in the medulla.
5) Histologic study revealed some alterations in the tubular epithelium which were somewhat more intense in group I than in group II, but the glomeruli remained intact in both groups.
These findings suggest that the cortex and medulla are hemodynamically independent. It appears likely that the interruption of blood supply to the kidney, if it is within 60min, does not produce any adverse effects on renal function.

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