Clinical observations have been given on 181 cases of idiopathic varicocele for the past three years, together with pathohistological study on the veins of the pompiniform plexus and the examination on congestion.
1. To reach the diagnosis and express the degree of lesion, a device has been contrived so as to indicate objectively the localization of varicocele in the testicle in the erect position by the comparative height of lesion, and lesional degrees are set up as I, II, and III.
2. Patients' chief complaints have been classified into four steps, ranging from those which come directly from varicocele to those which have nothing to do with it. Thus it has been clarified that what had formerly been regarded as psychoneurotic chief complaints are caused by some organic changes of the already complicated part which is related to the urethra or others associated with micturition
3. As for the indication for surgery, degree III is good, degree II is relatively good, and degree I is not.
4. Y-G test has found that the average type occupies the majority, suggesting to exclude psychoneurotic factor.
5. On the pathohistological examination of 73 normal autopsies from 146 sides in the veins of the pampiniform plexus, those who were above 50 years old showed senile changes in their veins and arteries. Two cases, 6 and 20 years old, revealed vascular sclerosis, which finding has been proved to follow from the latent varicoceles in their arteries, and this directly caused ischemia in the testis.
6. Biopsical findings of varicocele showed the thick wall, the dilatation of the lumen, the tortuosity and elongation of the vein.
7. Examinations of blood circulation by means of ¹³¹I in the veins of the pampiniform disclosed that higher degree of congestion was seen in varicocele patients than in normal persons.

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At the Urological Clinic of the Kyushu University Hospital, clinical observations have been made on children with the diagnosis of urinary tract infection, for the past 13 years (1954-1966). There was a statistical frequency of 20.1% in the incidence of urinary tract infection. In addition, urinary tract abnormalities, which included vesicoureteral reflux, were found to occur in a remarkably high number of cases. Urinary tract infection was felt to be pathologically significant, and, to a degree not initially anticipated. In most cases, the presenting infection was effectively eliminated with prolonged chemotherapy, but in some, surgical intervention was required as well.
Because of the seemingly abnormal (high) frequency of urinary tract abnormalities in association with urinary tract infection, experimental studies with rabbits were devised which would determine any relationship between urinary tract abnormalities and renal infection. Bacterial infusion into the bladder did not result in renal infection in the unimmunized group of rabbits, despite the presence of a urinary flow disturbance. But, under essentially identical conditions, renal infection did occur in the immunized group. It is postulated that immunization facilitates the occurrence of renal infection when a urine flow disturbance is present.

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A). This paper is concerned with the shift of the urinary 17-KS fraction following a single injection of 100mg of testosterone propionate in oil intramuscularly in 10 male hypogonadisms and two castrates.
(1) The response value of urinary total 17-KS after testosterone administration in hypogonadotrophic eunuchoidism was much more than that of the healthy young men. The response in Klinefelter's syndrome, anorchia and castrates were almost the same as in the healthy young men, but very low in normogonadotrophic eunuchoidism.
(2) The large part of the increase of total 17-KS was due to the increase of androsterone (AND) and etiocholanolone (ETIO) fraction.
(3) The ratio of AND/ETIO decreased in healthy young men, but increased in the cases of male hypogonadism, regardless of its type. But this ratio was not over 1.0 except one case of Klinefelter's syndrome.
(4) The change of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 11-oxy 17-KS, 17-OHCS were limited within daily variation.
But in one case of anorchia, remarkable increase of RHEA was observed.
(5) The ratio of (AND+ETIO)/(DHEA+11-oxy 17-KS), (AND+ETIO)/11-oxy 17-KS, and 11 deoxy 17-KS/11-oxy 17-KS varied in compliance with the change of AND and ETIO.
(6) The response of the total 17-KS excretion in two castrates was similar, although the lapse of time after the castration was very different (6 months, 20 years). However it was noticed that the shift of 17-KS fraction and fractionation ratio conversed with each other.
B) The effect of long-term testosterone treatment on urinary 17-KS fraction was studied in 10 male hypogonadism.
(1) The value of urinary total 17-KS and its fraction remained in the same pattern before treatment in two cases, in which clinical improvement was not seen after the inadequate therapy for less than 6 months.
(2) The urinary total 17-KS and fraction, especially 11-deoxy 17-KS increased very much in 7 cases in which treatment was continued from 6 months to 2 years regularly, and approached to a normal pattern with the improvement of clinical signs. In 2 cases of them, further testosterone administration was continued for 4 to 5 years, unexpectedly it was found that total 17-KS value and its fraction pattern of these 2 cases has reserved to the level before the treatment, in spite of maintenance of satisfactory clinical improvement.

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The concentration of zinc (Zn²⁺) and copper (Cu²⁺) were measured with a polarography in diseased human prostate glands, and the contents of iron (Fe²⁺) in the normal and hyperplastic prostate glands was also estimated spectrometrically.
The influences of Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺ and the other trace metals on the aconitase activity of the human prostate were studied.
The results obtained were as follows.
1. The mean value of Zn²⁺ contents was 458.2±128.7μg per gm. of dry tissue in the normal prostate glands, 2258.4±170.5μg in the hyperplastic prostate glands and 458.7±157.1μg in the cancerous prostate glands, and the mean value of Cu²⁺ contents was 11.9±3.1μg per gm. of dry tissue in the normal prostate glands, 10.5±2.9μg in the hyperplastic prostate glands and 10.9±3.7μg in the cancerous prostate glands.
2. The mean value of Fe²⁺ contents was 5.7±0.12μg per gm. of wet tissue in the normal prostate glands, and 5.9±0.37μg in the hyperplastic prostate glands.
3. Compared with the normal and cancerous prostate glands, high Zn²⁺ value was found in the hyperplastic prostate glands, but the contents of Cu²⁺ and Fe²⁺ in the hyperplastic prostate glands were not different from that of the normal and cancerous prostate glands.
4. With both biochemical and histochemical procedures, the aconitase activity in the hyperplastic prostate gland was demonstrated to be markedly inhibited by the addition of 10^-4-10^-2M concentration of Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺, and being activated by the addition of 10^-4M concentration of Fe²⁺.
Aconitase activity was unchanged in the presence of other trace metals, such as barium, cobalt, magnesium, manganese and lead.
From the above mentioned findings, it was concluded that Zn²⁺ might be regarded as an inhibitor of the aconitase activity of the hyperplastic prostate glands.

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Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis was first reported by Schlagenhaufer in 1916. It is characterized by the cell groups scattered in the renal parenchyma, resembling renal clear cell carcinoma. Its clinical features are also often simulating to those of renal carcinoma, tuberculosis, malacoplakia and others. Fever with general malaise and weight loss and palpable abdominal mass in this disease are often misdiagnosed as such.
There have been approximately 70 cases reported in the United States and Europe. However, only Tsuchiya's report has been seen in our country. Therefore, it is the purpose or this paper to present two cases of this disease recently treated at our clinic and discuss several important problems relating with it.

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Investigation is carried out in order to evaluate the effectiveness of “UROCALUN” in 42 cases of upper urinary lithiasis.
The results obtained are as follows;
1. In 25 of 37 cases of ureteral calculi, spontaneous passage of the calculi has been resulted. The maximal size of passed stone are 0.7×1.5cm.
2. Five cases of renal calculi has not passed spontaneously.
3. No appreciable side effects are noticed.
4. Administration of “UROCALUN”, the chief components of which is aqueous extract of “Quercus Stenophylla Makino”, is indicated in case where the short diameter of the stone are less than 1.0cm and when the calculi locate in the ueteral area.

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