M. Ono, a member of our laboratory, has once made public a detailed report on the morphological influences of sex hormones on the kidney of an albino rat, but there is scarcely any systematic study on the functional effect of sex hormones upon the kidney. The present work was attempted to shed light on the effect of sex hormones on the renal function, by measuring GFR and RPF respectively with creatinine clearance and with PAH clearance as to mature male rabbits during 2 weeks of daily administration of various sex hormones in a small dose as well as in a large dose.
The results obtained were as follows, compared with the control experiment performed on 9 normal rabbits:
(A) Effect of male sex hormones on renal function.
(1) Testosterone acetate: GFR showed a considerably great increase (Ca 50-70%) during the administration of this hormone in both small and large doses, while RPF showed a little increase only when given in a small dose.
(2) Testosterone propionate: the increase of both GFR and RPF was just as effected as when testosterone acetate was injected, but a degree of the increase was less remarkable in GFR and more conspicuous in RPF than in case of testosterone acetate.
(3) Following castration, GFR decreased day by day to as low as -40% on the 28th day, while RPF remained hardly changed throughout the experiment.
(B) Effect of female sex hormones on renal function.
(1) Follicular hormones: by urinary follicular hormone, in both small and large doses, GFR showed a slight tendency of increasing in one week after the administration of the hormone and returned to a normal value in two weeks. RPF increased in one week after the administration of the hormone in a large dose and in 2 weeks decreased, while, in a small dose administration of the hormone, it showed any significant change neither in one week nor in two weeks. By synthetic follicular hormone, GFR remained scarcely effected in both small and large doses, and RPF decreased slightly more remarkably in cases of a large dose than in the case by urinary follicular hormone, while, in case of a small dose, it showed hardly any change.
(2) Corpus luteum hormone: by Oophormin luteum (an extract of corpus luteum of a pig) both GFR and RPF remained unchanged even in a large dose, but the synthetic preparation (progesterone acetate) brought on a slight increase of GFR and RPF in both small and large doses.
(C) Effects of male sex hormone on damaged renal function.
(1) Testosterone acetate, administered following castration, brought on a remarkable recovery of decreased GFR, while no effect on RPF was observed.
(2) GFR and RPF, which had decreased by subcutaneous administration of a sublimate solution, recovered normal by the application of testosterone acetate following.
(3) The effects, observed in (1) and (2), occurred in most conspicuous degree on 15th day of daily administration of testosterone acetate, and nothing effective was found already in ca. 15 days after discontinuance of testosterone administration.

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The effects of anterior pituitary hormones (Hypophorin and ACTH) and adrenal cortical hormones (Interenin and DOCA) on renal functions were investigated on mature male rabbits by measuring GFR and RPF respectively with Creatinine clearance and with PAH clearance. The kindey function was tested in every experiment on 8th and 15th days during daily administration of the hormones in a therapeutiis dose, and, further, in 2 weeks after the cessation of giving the hormones.
The results obtained were as follows:
(1) Anterior pituitary hormones: Both GFR and RPF, especially the latter, increased gradually in a slight degree from 8th to 15th day after the administration of ACTH (Armor), while nothing effective was revealed by the administration of Hypophorin (an extract of the pituitary anterior lobe of a cattle).
(2) Adrenal cortical hormones: Both GFR and RPF showed an increaes by the application of DOCA, whose degree was more remarkable in GFR, and rather, less considerable in RFP than when ACTH was given, while no effect was found by the administration of Interenin (an extract of adrenal cortex of a cattle). The increase of GFR and RPF, resulted from DOCA administration, returned to normal completely in 2 weeks after the discontinuance of administration of DOCA.

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II. Experimental Study
1) The effect of 24-48 hours acute urinary retention on renal clearance was studied in dogs. The GFR showed no marked change, the ERPF was variable, but the TmPAH was evidently decreased, when they were determined several hours after the relief of the obstruction.
2) The effect of raising the intravesical pressure upon the kidney functions was studied, when the connection between the bladder and the kidney was cut by ureterocutaneostomy. During the maintenance of high intravesical pressure, the GFR was generally reduced and the ERPF was variably changed. But the rate of reabsorption of water was increased only in one of three cases.
3) The influence of raising intrapelvic pressure on the renal functions was studied by observations of urine flow, CSTS, TmPAH CNa and Ccl. These functions were apparently reduced while the intrapelvic pressure of 19mmHg was maintained in three of the four cases. When the pressure was gradually raised to 30mmHg and maintained there, the functions were apparently much more reduced in all cases. Then, by lowering the pressure, they rapidly tended to recover. The rate of reabsorption of water and Na were definitely increased in all cases during the continuance of high intrapelvic pressure.

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The relationship between infection and the formation of calculi has been mentioned by several authors. The author attempted some experiments on this subject.
1) The bacteriological examination of the urine of 61 patients suffering urinary calculi reveals that the incidence of urinary infection is 41 cases or 67.2%. The type of infection is as follows: Staphylococcus 48.8%, Echerichia coli 17.1%, Corynebacterium 2.4%, Proteus 4.9% and Pseudomonas 7.3%. The property of splitting urea is demonstrated in 34% of the isolated strains, of which Staphylococcus shows the highest frequency (50%). All the cultured strains have no faculty to produce mucoprotein in the test tube.
2) As to bacteriocidal activity examined by sensitive tablet, chloramphenicol is in most cases effective to these organisms. Other antibiotics as terramycin, strreptomycin and aureomycin are also available almost to the same extent.
3) The author followed Hryntschak and succeeded in producing renal calculi in 50% of rabbits after repeated intravenous injections of Staphylococci isolated from the urine of patients. Agreat deal of Koch's elements of calcific crisis appears in the urine of rabbit soon after injection. It is indispensable in, this experiment that the ureter of the same side be previously strictured.
4) The author succeeded in forming renal caculi in one third of the experimental rabbits, of which the paranasal cavity had been instilled with staphylococcal suspension fluid repeatedly so as to cause inflamation. In this case, too, the stasis of the upper urinary tract is necessary.
5) The principal pathological findings in the kidney of the above mentioned two experiments are slight circuratory disturbances associated with presence of Koch's elements of calculous crisis in the Bowman's capsules and renal tubuli.
6) The electromicroscopic examinations reveal in no case calculi, produced by above mentioned methods, presence of Staphylococci in the nucleus of the stone.
7) The author failed to confirm Boschamer's postulation that 5 to 10% solution of fibrinogen, if added with Staphylococci and incubated at 37°C for an hour, produces in the test tube dense aggromelate, which coincided with the nucleus of calculus in vivo.
8) Intravenous injection of staphylococcal toxin causes specific vascular spasm and distinct calculous crisis in the rabbit's kidney. Numerous spheroliths are found in the rabbit's urine soon after injection.
9) Under direct microscopic observation of the kidney of the Japanese frog (Rana nigromaculata) remarkable changes of glomerular circulation such as assest, pulsation and slowing of the blood stream can be seen after injection of staphylococcal toxin.
10) The author followed and failed Davolas's postulation that succeeded in producing vesical calculi by repeated instillation of Bac. proteus in the rabbit's bladder, which had been previously inflamed by salicylic-acid in alcohol. It seems to the author that the formation of experimental vesical calculus is more dependent upon the well prepared circumstance and good oppotunity than urinary infection.
In view of the author's experiments it can be concluded that bacteria or bacterial toxin exert an unfavourable influence upon the renal blood flow and there occurs in the nephoron the phenomenon of crisis, which can develop to concrement under favourable circumstances Koch's theory would apply itself well to explain the genesis of the renal calculi correlated to. infection.

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