On the basis of Boyland's hypothesis, glucaro-(1→4) (6→3)-dilactone and its diacetyl derivative (SLA) which have a potent inhibitory activity on β-glucuronidase in vivo were given orally to post-operative patients with bladder cancer. The fact that despite the inhibitory activity on urinary β-glucuronidase of these drugs recurrence occurred in a few cases, suggested the necessity of considering intrinsic factors involving susceptibility of bladder mucosa to carcinogens. Administration of glucarodilactone or SLA to patients with bladder tumor reduced plasminogen activator and lysozyme values as well as β-glucuronidase level in tumor tissue. Since the specific effect of the drug on tumor tissue was observed, studies on effects of local application of the drug on the tumor have been made. Thus, sodium glucaro-(1→4)-lactonate dissolved in water was directly injected into the tumor tissue in 46 cases.
The majority of these cases tended to show reduction in tumor size cystoscopically and resulted in an increase of fatty components of the tumor tissue. Histological characteristics of treated tumor tissue were summarized as vacuolar degeneration of cytoplasma and nuclear pyknosis of cancer cells. However, neutral fat staining (ex. Nile blue or Sudan III) revealed obviously negative. LDH-isozyme patterns of bladder tumors were examined by electrophoretic method. In general, LDH₁ and LDH₂ were increased, while LDH₄ and LDH₅ were decreased in treated tumor.

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Activity of the arterial system of a transplanted kidney was observed in dog experiment. The arterial activity or hemodynamics was apparently affected within a few minites after transplantation by a sort of various washing-out solution.
It reflects a possible influence for the graft function immediately after recirculation of the blood in renal allotransplantation.
After ten varieties of washing-out solutions which differ in costitution and temperature were used, renal arterial blood flow and renal arterial pressure were estimated immediately after vascular recirculation of the autografted kidney of the dog.
1) The autografted kidney washed-out with physiological saline resulted in significant decrease of the renal blood flow, causing by interstitial edema. Washing-out of the kidney with low-molecular weight dextran at low temperature (4°C) also resulted in decrease of the renal blood flow, however, a good blood flow was obtained when low-molecular weight dextran was used at 37°C.
Decrease of the blood flow at 4°C was not observed, when procain was added into the washing-out solution.
2) A transient decrease of the blood flow was found during a period of 3 to 5 minutes after recirculation in every group, even when it showed a good renal blood flow immediately after autotransplantation. This phenomen is considered to be an effect of a transient retention of one of peripheral vaso-constrictive substances.
3) It was proved to be a vaso-constrictive substance by autotransplantation-modified experiment with adding papaverin into the washing-out solution.
4) From the results of our experiment, it is concluded that, the most adequate solution for washing-out requires to the use of low molecular weight dextran with adding heparin, procain as well as papaverin.

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A prostatic ultrasonogram was clearly visualized with transrectal PPI-scanning using a specially prepared concave transducer. Results of the measurement on the size of the prostate agreed almost with that on the specimen. Prostatic hypertrophy and prostatic calculi were successfully diagnosed with this procedure. A considerable improvement on the ultrasonic diagnosis of the prostate would be expected from application of the concave transducer.

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The effect of thoracic duct lymph drainage has recently become the subject of studies from the point of kidney allotransplantation for patients with terminal renal insufficiency.
Thoracic duct lymph drainage itself has a fault because of a great deal of loss of protein. In order to avoid it, a lymph-dialyser was prepared by an application of a principle of hemodialyser. The lymph obtained from thoracic duct cannulation was collected into the divided glass bottles, which was centrifuged, and was dialysed against the same kind of dialysate with the hemodialysis. The dialysed lymph was then re-infused into the patient's venous system.
The results were as follows:
1) A loss of protein was completely avoided, 2) 25 to 50per cent volume of the thoracic duct lymph was removed by lymph-dialysis, 3) about 50per cent of urea nitrogen was removed, 4) a daily average of lymphocyte depletion was 1.0×10⁹ to 4.0×10⁹ and the decreasing effect of the lymphocyte count of the peripheral blood was observed as well as that of the thoracic duct lymph drainage, and 5) relationship between thoracic duct lymph drainage and renal allotransplantation was discussed.

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The present paper describes a urographic observation of fine radiolucent and radiodense lines in the renal pelvis or ureter or both. When carefully looked for, the finding is not infrequent.
During the past 4.5 years, 193 patients had been seen who had striations on 3407 intravenous pyelographies, and the majority of the cases presented some form of urinary infection.
In five cases, the affected urinary tract was resected and its histology studied. In each case the mucosa showed inflammatory changes and vascular congestion.
The literatures were briefly reviewed and the roentgenologic differential diagnosis of the inflammatory mucosal folds and leukoplakia was discussed.

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1) An electron microscopic study of the boundary tissue of the human seminiferous tubule was made on our 38 clinical cases, including 8 of normal adults, 11 of oligospermic and 19 of azoospermic patients.
2) The boundary tissue of the human adult seminiferous tubule shows three layers: a basement membrane, a fibrillar zone of collagen fibres and a cellular zone of fibroblasts with a few collagen fibres.
The last two layers constitute the so called tunica propria.
3) The basement membrane is seen to be a mono-or tri-laminar structure of about 0.1μ in thickness, but it shows in some parts polylaminar approximately 0.5μ thick and some polylaminar projections into the seminiferous tubules are also present.
4) In the boundary tissue only the presence of collagen fibres is confirmed, but the presence of those of elastic and reticulum fibres seen by the light microscope can not be proved.
5) There are two types of fibroblasts in the cellular zone.
Most of the fibroblasts are resting fibroblasts and another few are proliferating ones.
6) In the boundary tissue of the human seminiferous tubule cells resembling smooth muscle, which were ascertained in rats by some authors, are not found.
7) The pathologic changes of the boundary tissue in infertile men are listed below.
i) basement membrane
a) obscure laminar structure
b) irregular twisting
c) increased numbers of the projections
d) thickening
e) atrophy
f) presence of foldings of the basement membrane towards the fibrilar zone
ii) Tunica propria
a) fibrillar zone: thickening of the fibrilar zone by increased collagen fibres
b) cellular zone: increased thin extensions of the fibroblast
8) The above-mentioned pathologic changes are generally mild in the oligospermic cases. The changes of the basement membrane are seen only in a few oligospermic cases, but those of the tunica propria are recognized in about a half of the oligospermic cases.
9) Generally in the azoospermic cases without any obstruction of the epididymis or vas deferens the most of the above-mentioned pathologic changes are pronounced.
10) The so called thickening of the basement membrane seen by light microscope is found to be electronmicroscopically as a thickening of the fibrillar zone by increased collagen fibres.
11) In mild cases of peritubular fibrosis a thickening of the fibrillar zone in combination with an increase of the thin extension of the fibroblast is also seen.
12) In severe cases of peritubular fibrosis, a thickening of the fibrillar zone is marked, but the thin extension of the fibroblast is obscure.

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Analyzing three records: own cases, reports from 35 institutes and autopsized cases collected from the Annual of Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan, the clinical results of renal carcinoma which were estimated from the survival rate of patients after treatment, were studied from the view-point of metastases.
1) Summarization from 35 institutes: 415 cases of renal carcinoma (221 mortal, 194 alive) were reported. Mortal cases with metastases were so many as 2.7 times the cases without them. Reviewing the survival rate of the groups divided into four terms (within 6 months, over 1, 2 and 5 years), it was found that the rate of cases without metastases was always higher than the cases with them.
In the cases within 6 months of survival periods, each survival rate of the cases with metastasis and without them was 49.6per cent and 64.7per cent, but 3 years after treatment, the rate was 9.3per cent and 11.8per cent respectively.
Even in cases with metastases, nephrectomy might elongate the life of the patients. While the patients with multiorganic metastases mostly die in one year, those with uniorganic metastases survived longer. For the period less than one year after treatment, radio therapy and anticarcinogenic agents made the survival rate higher to some degree, but no effect was noticed for longer years after-treatment.
2) Own cases: 28 cases of renal carcinoma were obtained from 1953 up to August of 1967. Six cases of them were alive for over 5 years after nephrectomy, two cases of which had metastases. The one that had metastases in the pericaval lymph-nodes already at the time of operation, and metastatic nodes an the lung was noticed to be alive 7 years after surgery.
3) Autopsied cases collected from the Annual of the Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan: As to the site of metastases, lung and lymph-nodes were of highest incidence. Bone, liver and adrenal glands were of second frequency. The number of metastatic organs had mostly no influence upon the mortality rate of the patients. It is worth of warning that not a few number of metastases of the lung, bone etc, which can easily be detected clinically, had been overlooked.

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In the urological field, a number of clinical and experimental studies on allergic reaction have been accumulated, most of which dealt with ‘Masugi's nephritis’ in the kidney. However, the clinical or experimental studies on the allergy of the more distal urinary tract are still relatively few in number.
The cystitis, one of the commonest diseases in the urological clinic is never cured by chemotherapy alone. Many cases resist to various kinds of treatment and recur. Some of them appears to be subsided by an empirical use of antiallergic preparation. Moreover, in several types of cystitis such as hemorrhagic, exsudative or interstitial cystitis, the cause is still unknown. As one of the developmental mechanisms in these cystitis with unknown etiology, one should attach great importance to the allergy. From this standpoint, the author made a basic study on the experimental cystitis in rabbits.
Recently, the allergic reactions between different organs are being widely investigated in terms of autoimmune disease. Based on this idea, the author sensitized guinea pigs with rabbit's bladder as the antigen, and injected the guinea pig's anti-rabbit-bladder sera thus produced into the rabbit's bladder in an attempt to induce a reversed anaplylaxis at the local mucosa.
The following points were investigated immunobacteriologically and histopathologically. Does a typical allergic reaction occur? How severe is the degree of reaction, if it occurs, and does it actually induce a cystitis? What is the influence of bacterial infection on the development of the allergy? Meantime, hematologic and urinary findings at the beginning of this experimental allergic cystitis, and the alteration of blood histamine, serotonin, important chemical mediators of the allergic reaction and of urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) were studied. Finally, the effects of various antiallergic drugs on the development of this allergic experimental cystitis were compared.
The results can be summarized as follows.
1) Guinea pigs were sensitized with lyopholized whole bladder tissue of a rabbit. The antibody titer in the anti-rabbit-bladder serum of guinea pig was measured by precipitation method, Ouchterlony's method, sensitized hemagglutination reaction, intradermal reaction and PCA reaction. Specific antibodies to the rabbit's bladder tissue were proved
2) To induce the bladder allergy, natural method considering on structural property of the bladder, without administering a large stress to the animal and not via blood stream, was chosen. Namely, antirabbit-bladder sera of guinea pig was infused into the rabbit bladder every other day three times, by way of the development of reversed anaphylaxis and the bladder allergy was actually induced.
3) Histopathological changes were investigated on the experimental rabbit group. Significant different changes were noted between the control and the experimental group, which showed macroscopically diffuse edema and hyperinemia in the mucouns membrane of the bladder and microscopically vascular proliferation and dilatation, edema in ground substance and cell infiltration rich in eosinophilic cells and lypmhocytes. No particular changes were observed in kidney or any other organs histopa-thologically.
4) Fotentiated changes were not evidenced histopathologically on the rabbits treated with the injection of the bladder antibody and the strain of E. coli (0-6) into the bladder.
In spite of the fact that the bacterial infection was not noticed in the normal rabbit bladder treated with the injection of E. coli, the proliferation of the injected bacteria was clearly observed in the bladder of the allergic state. It is suggested by this result that the infection might be exacerbated by the presence of allergic reaction in the organ.
Cell infiltration rich in eosinophilic cells was observed and histopathological changes were advanced in the area involved sutured silk thread on the cas

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